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Many products are vying for their spot in your supplement stack. From vitamins and pre-workouts to digestive or joint health supplements, it can be challenging to know how to simplify or understand what is necessary for your goals. Essential amino acids (EAAs) are likely among those items in your stack or at least are a consideration for inclusion, as they are considered dietarily essential — as their name implies — but not naturally produced by humans. (1)
There are many benefits of EAAs, primarily their positive influence on improving muscle protein synthesis (MPS) — the body’s adaptive response to exercise. Per Nutrition & Metabolism, “regardless of age or gender, resistance training or provision of adequate amounts of dietary protein (PRO) or essential amino acids (EAA) can increase MPS in healthy adults.” (2)(3)(4)
There are nine essential amino acids, including phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine.” (5) Let’s break down what each of the EAAs do and why a product like Kion Aminos Powder, which provides doses of all nine EAAs across their four available flavors — Mango, Cool Lime, Watermelon, and Mixed Berry — is worth potential inclusion to your supplement stack.
Kion Aminos Powder
This EAA powder is available in four flavors, each including doses of all nine essential amino acids: phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine. Each tub comes with 30 servings.
Editor’s Note: The content on BarBend is meant to be informative in nature, but it should not be taken as medical advice. When starting a new training regimen and/or diet, it is always a good idea to consult with a trusted medical professional. We are not a medical resource. The opinions and articles on this site are not intended for use as diagnosis, prevention, and/or treatment of health problems. They are not substitutes for consulting a qualified medical professional.
Benefits of EAAs
While more evidence is needed, many studies suggest EAAs — leucine in particular — support MPS. This is even more potent in older athletes as “EAA supplementation maintained over time can improve lean body mass.” Therefore, getting adequate protein in our diets (especially if we are active) is important because of the EAAs found in protein, which function as the building blocks of muscle. (6)(7)(8)
As a pre-workout, Kion touts their Aminos Powder as a means to energy without stimulants, improves stamina (and therefore performance) during training, and protects lean muscle during fasted cardio.
As a post-workout, the EAAs in Kion Aminos Powder (also available in capsule form) could help maintain lean muscle and reduce necessary recovery time. Kion recommends taking their Aminos Powder every three hours if fasting to prevent muscle loss as lean soft tissue has shown to decrease more than fat during extended fasting periods, though both decrease significantly. (9)
Here are some of the many processes amino acids support: (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)
Healthy blood sugar levels
Growth hormone production
Connective tissue health
Cardiovascular health
Liver function
Mood, norepinephrine, and dopamine synthesis
Nervous system function
Adrenaline and noradrenaline release
Fat metabolism
Immune function
Serotonin production and sleep regulation
Immune function
Hemoglobin production
Blood cell manufacture
Nerve cell protection
Gastric secretion
Sexual functions
There are three processes supported by amino acids: energy, muscle, and recovery. Check out a breakdown of each below:
Energy
Aminos can boost energy, without caffeine or other stimulants, in three ways. First, by supporting mitochondrial production and effectiveness for improved energy production and athletic performance. Second, by reducing muscle fatigue during endurance and strength-related activities. And finally, by counteracting mental fatigue by replenishing the thrice-fold increased rate of leucine oxidation during exercise that otherwise allows increased amounts of tryptophan to cross the blood-brain barrier and induce serotonergic effects.
The EAA lysine, in particular, is involved in energy production through glycogenic and ketogenic formation of glucose, glycogen, and lipids. It can also be metabolized to acetyl CoA, which is involved in carbohydrate metabolism and energy production. Lysine is also a precursor for L-carnitine, an amino acid involved in transporting fatty acids into the mitochondria for energy production. (18)
Muscle and Strength
Taking aminos can support the creation of new, stronger, healthier muscles faster than protein alone. Due to muscle proteins being in a constant state of turnover, building (even maintaining) muscle requires MPS to exceed muscle protein breakdown (MPB). EAAs cause a spike in the amino acid profile of blood faster than protein, and because EAAs reduce MPB while simultaneously increasing MPS, they are crucial for anyone looking to build muscle.
The amino acid leucine plays a particularly important role in MPS. In one 2020 study in the Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 30 male college athletes were randomly assigned to receive either whey protein, leucine, or a placebo. The subjects then underwent resistance training for eight weeks. Strength, bench press, squat, shoulder press, maximum pull-ups, and body composition were assessed. The leucine group achieved significantly greater gains in fat-free mass and muscle mass and significant decreases in fat mass compared to whey and placebo groups. (19)
A 2002 study in the American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism found that taking EAAs after resistance training led to the stimulation of MPS after exercise. Aminos can supply muscles with energy during a workout, which can help maintain strength. For example, another study one study published in 2018 in Frontiers in Physiology found that the ingestion of EAAs before a weightlifting workout led to the research group having more strength in their biceps than the control group who were given a placebo. (20)(21)
Recovery
Aminos can enhance athletic recovery by reducing soreness and improving readiness for subsequent exercise by reducing MPB and damage. How well one recovers can be equally as important as how hard one trains. In particular, valine, leucine, and isoleucine have been shown to have positive benefits for exercise recovery, including promoting glucose uptake by muscles. (22)
A meta-analysis in the International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research examining the effect of BCAA supplementation on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) examined 93 participants in five studies. The results indicated that DOMS decreased following BCAA supplementation when compared to placebo. (23)
Another meta-analysis in Nutrition examined eight randomized clinical trials on the effect of valine, leucine, and isoleucine supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage and recovery. It was shown that these three EAAs are better than passive recovery or rest after various forms of exhaustive and damaging exercise. Yet another 2017 research review in Nutrients found that there was evidence for the EAAs leucine, isoleucine, and valine, in particular, being effective for recovery and minimizing muscle damage caused by exercise. (24)(25)
Below is a brief breakdown of each of the nine EAAs and their benefits for a routine gymgoer, including those more related to improved metabolism, athletic performance, and longevity.
Note: doses mentioned for each EAA below can vary depending on one’s diet and should not be taken as medical advice.
Phenylalanine
According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information, phenylalanine “plays a key role in the biosynthesis of other amino acids.” It is used in biosynthesis — the production of molecules in cells — of dopamine and norepinephrine transmitters after being converted to the precursor amino acid tyrosine. Tyrosine potentially helps combat “decrements in cognitive performance.”(13X)(26)
There is not a set daily phenylalanine requirement for any age group yet. Still, there are suggested estimates of approximately 38 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day (minus one) — meaning that a 180-pound adult could consume a little over three grams. Kion Aminos Powder provides 350 milligrams of phenylalanine per serving, right in that range. (27)
Valine
Valine helps determine the three-dimensional structure of globular proteins’ interior and “maintains mental vigor, muscle coordination, and emotional calm. As a stimulant, it “promotes muscle growth and tissue repair.” (28)
Tryptophan
Tryptophan is a precursor to serotonin — a neurotransmitter involved in regulating behavior, mood, and memory. As such, tryptophan can help suppress feelings of depression and anxiety. (29)(30)
While further studies are needed for improved accuracy, a 2021 systemic review of tryptophan in the Journal of Dietary Supplements suggested a recommended daily dose in the range of 0.14 to three grams of tryptophan in addition to meals. Kino Aminos Powders provides 3.5 grams of tryptophan per serving.
Threonine
Threonine can be used to potentially help alleviate mild depression and anxiety but primarily functions for “fat metabolism and preventing fat buildup in the liver.” While specific dosing for threonine is not set in stone, 15 milligrams per kilogram of body weight minus one has shown to be “sufficient to achieve mean amino acid balance.” (14X)(31)
Isoleucine
Isoleucine “can improve the immune system.” Additionally, it can assist in wound healing, stimulate immune function, promote the secretion of several hormones, and is necessary for blood sugar and energy regulation. (32)(16X)
Methionine
Methionine is required for tissue repair and “improves the tone and pliability of skin, hair, and strengthens nails.” Additionally, it is essential for the absorption of selenium and zinc. The former helps regulate the immune and reproductive systems, and the latter is critical for proper metabolism function. (12X)(33)(34)
Histidine
Histidine performs essential…”anti-oxidant and anti-secretory functions.” It also modulates inflammatory response and gastric acid regulation. Other potential benefits of histidine are reduced appetite, anxiety, and stress responses, as well as improved sleep. (35)
However, due to the limited research available, the upper limit of histidine dosage isn’t clear, though doses greater than 24 grams per day have shown some adverse cognitive effects. (36)
Leucine
Leucine stimulates MPS and energy metabolism while “inhibiting protein degradation.” Furthermore, leucine intake post-exercise can support muscle repair and recovery. (37)(38)(39)
Lysine
Lysine’s primary role is in protein synthesis, wound healing, and inducing angiogenic responses — developing new blood cells. A 2019 systemic review in Amino Acids determined that lysine 16.8 to 17.5 grams per day had adverse effects on digestion. Kino Aminos Powders’ lysine content is in the much more conservative range of 850 milligrams. (40)(41)(42)
Kion Aminos Powder
This EAA powder is available in four flavors, each including doses of all nine essential amino acids: phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine. Each tub comes with 30 servings.
Get the Essentials
Now that you have a sense of the role of each of the nine EAAs, and that they are dietary necessities since the human body does not naturally produce them — an EAA supplement powder may be worth considering if your diet is deficient in any of them. Of course, it is always best to consult your physician before adjusting your diet with supplements. Though more research is needed for confident dosing of each EAA, the current science would likely support the dosing provided by Kion Aminos Powder.
References
National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1989. 6, Protein and Amino Acids. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234922/
Hulmi, J. J., Lockwood, C. M., & Stout, J. R. (2010). Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein. Nutrition & metabolism, 7, 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-7-51
Church, D. D., Hirsch, K. R., Park, S., Kim, I. Y., Gwin, J. A., Pasiakos, S. M., Wolfe, R. R., & Ferrando, A. A. (2020). Essential Amino Acids and Protein Synthesis: Insights into Maximizing the Muscle and Whole-Body Response to Feeding. Nutrients, 12(12), 3717. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123717
Atherton, P. J., & Smith, K. (2012). Muscle protein synthesis in response to nutrition and exercise. The Journal of physiology, 590(5), 1049–1057. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2011.225003
Lopez, M. J., & Mohiuddin, S. S. (2022). Biochemistry, Essential Amino Acids. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Hulmi, J. J., Lockwood, C. M., & Stout, J. R. (2010). Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein. Nutrition & metabolism, 7, 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-7-51
Katsanos, C. S., Kobayashi, H., Sheffield-Moore, M., Aarsland, A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2006). A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 291(2), E381–E387. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2005
Dillon, E. L., Sheffield-Moore, M., Paddon-Jones, D., Gilkison, C., Sanford, A. P., Casperson, S. L., Jiang, J., Chinkes, D. L., & Urban, R. J. (2009). Amino acid supplementation increases lean body mass, basal muscle protein synthesis, and insulin-like growth factor-I expression in older women. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 94(5), 1630–1637. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1564
Laurens, C., Grundler, F., Damiot, A., Chery, I., Le Maho, A. L., Zahariev, A., Le Maho, Y., Bergouignan, A., Gauquelin-Koch, G., Simon, C., Blanc, S., & Wilhelmi de Toledo, F. (2021). Is muscle and protein loss relevant in long-term fasting in healthy men? A prospective trial on physiological adaptations. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 12(6), 1690–1703. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12766
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6106, Leucine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Leucine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 16130064. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16130064.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6137, Methionine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Methionine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6288, L-threonine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/L-threonine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 54608559. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/54608559.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6306, l-Isoleucine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/l-Isoleucine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6274, Histidine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Histidine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6140, Phenylalanine. Retrieved September 17, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Phenylalanine.
No authors listed. L-Lysine. Alternative Medicine Review. 2007. Retrieved Oct. 13, 2022 from https://altmedrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/v12-2-169.pdf
Obradovi?, J., Vukadinovi? Juriši?, M., & Rakonjac, D. (2020). The effects of leucine and whey protein supplementation with eight weeks of resistance training on strength and body composition. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 60(6), 864–869. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.20.09742-X
Børsheim, E., Tipton, K. D., Wolf, S. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (2002). Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 283(4), E648–E657. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00466.2001
Negro, M., Segreto, V., Barbero, M., Cescon, C., Castelli, L., Calanni, L., & D’Antona, G. (2018). Essential Amino Acids (EAA) Mixture Supplementation: Effects of an Acute Administration Protocol on Myoelectric Manifestations of Fatigue in the Biceps Brachii After Resistance Exercise. Frontiers In Physiology, 9. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01140
Zhou, M., Shao, J., Wu, C. Y., Shu, L., Dong, W., Liu, Y., Chen, M., Wynn, R. M., Wang, J., Wang, J., Gui, W. J., Qi, X., Lusis, A. J., Li, Z., Wang, W., Ning, G., Yang, X., Chuang, D. T., Wang, Y., & Sun, H. (2019). Targeting BCAA Catabolism to Treat Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance. Diabetes, 68(9), 1730–1746. https://doi.org/10.2337/db18-0927
Fedewa, M. V., Spencer, S. O., Williams, T. D., Becker, Z. E., & Fuqua, C. A. (2019). Effect of branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Muscle Soreness following Exercise: A Meta-Analysis. International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition, 89(5-6), 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000543
Rahimi, M., Shab-Bidar, S., Mollahosseini, M., & Djafarian, K. (2017). Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and exercise-induced muscle damage in exercise recovery: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutrition, 42, 30-36. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.05.005
Fouré, A., & Bendahan, D. (2017). Is Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation an Efficient Nutritional Strategy to Alleviate Skeletal Muscle Damage? A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 9(10), 1047. doi: 10.3390/nu9101047
Jongkees, B. J., Hommel, B., Kühn, S., & Colzato, L. S. (2015). Effect of tyrosine supplementation on clinical and healthy populations under stress or cognitive demands–A review. Journal of psychiatric research, 70, 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.014
Kurpad, A. V., Regan, M. M., Raj, T. D., Rao, V. N., Gnanou, J., & Young, V. R. (2006). The daily phenylalanine requirement of healthy Indian adults. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 83(6), 1331–1336. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1331
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6287, Valine. Retrieved September 17, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Valine.
Kikuchi, A. M., Tanabe, A., & Iwahori, Y. (2021). A systematic review of the effect of L-tryptophan supplementation on mood and emotional functioning. Journal of dietary supplements, 18(3), 316–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2020.1746725
Bamalan OA, Moore MJ, Al Khalili Y. Physiology, Serotonin. [Updated 2022 Jul 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545168/
Borgonha, S., Regan, M. M., Oh, S. H., Condon, M., & Young, V. R. (2002). Threonine requirement of healthy adults, derived with a 24-h indicator amino acid balance technique. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 75(4), 698–704. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/75.4.698
Gu, C., Mao, X., Chen, D., Yu, B., & Yang, Q. (2019). Isoleucine Plays an Important Role for Maintaining Immune Function. Current protein & peptide science, 20(7), 644–651. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389203720666190305163135
Kieliszek, M., & B?a?ejak, S. (2016). Current Knowledge on the Importance of Selenium in Food for Living Organisms: A Review. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 21(5), 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050609
Saper, R. B., & Rash, R. (2009). Zinc: an essential micronutrient. American family physician, 79(9), 768–772.
Kessler AT, Raja A. Biochemistry, Histidine. [Updated 2022 Jul 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538201/
Thalacker-Mercer, A. E., & Gheller, M. E. (2020). Benefits and Adverse Effects of Histidine Supplementation. The Journal of nutrition, 150(Suppl 1), 2588S–2592S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa229
Mero A. (1999). Leucine supplementation and intensive training. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 27(6), 347–358. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199927060-00001
Duan, Y., Li, F., Li, Y., Tang, Y., Kong, X., Feng, Z., Anthony, T. G., Watford, M., Hou, Y., Wu, G., & Yin, Y. (2016). The role of leucine and its metabolites in protein and energy metabolism. Amino acids, 48(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-015-2067-1
Waskiw-Ford, M., Hannaian, S., Duncan, J., Kato, H., Abou Sawan, S., Locke, M., Kumbhare, D., & Moore, D. (2020). Leucine-Enriched Essential Amino Acids Improve Recovery from Post-Exercise Muscle Damage Independent of Increases in Integrated Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis in Young Men. Nutrients, 12(4), 1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041061
Tomé, D., & Bos, C. (2007). Lysine requirement through the human life cycle. The Journal of nutrition, 137(6 Suppl 2), 1642S–1645S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.6.1642S
Datta, D., Bhinge, A., & Chandran, V. (2001). Lysine: Is it worth more?. Cytotechnology, 36(1-3), 3–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014097121364
Hayamizu, K., Oshima, I., Fukuda, Z., Kuramochi, Y., Nagai, Y., Izumo, N., & Nakano, M. (2019). Safety assessment of L-lysine oral intake: a systematic review. Amino acids, 51(4), 647–659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-019-02697-3
Featured image courtesy of Kion.
Many products are vying for their spot in your supplement stack. From vitamins and pre-workouts to digestive or joint health supplements, it can be challenging to know how to simplify or understand what is necessary for your goals. Essential amino acids (EAAs) are likely among those items in your stack or at least are a consideration for inclusion, as they are considered dietarily essential — as their name implies — but not naturally produced by humans. (1)
There are many benefits of EAAs, primarily their positive influence on improving muscle protein synthesis (MPS) — the body’s adaptive response to exercise. Per Nutrition & Metabolism, “regardless of age or gender, resistance training or provision of adequate amounts of dietary protein (PRO) or essential amino acids (EAA) can increase MPS in healthy adults.” (2)(3)(4)
There are nine essential amino acids, including phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine.” (5) Let’s break down what each of the EAAs do and why a product like Kion Aminos Powder, which provides doses of all nine EAAs across their four available flavors — Mango, Cool Lime, Watermelon, and Mixed Berry — is worth potential inclusion to your supplement stack.
Kion Aminos Powder
This EAA powder is available in four flavors, each including doses of all nine essential amino acids: phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine. Each tub comes with 30 servings.
Editor’s Note: The content on BarBend is meant to be informative in nature, but it should not be taken as medical advice. When starting a new training regimen and/or diet, it is always a good idea to consult with a trusted medical professional. We are not a medical resource. The opinions and articles on this site are not intended for use as diagnosis, prevention, and/or treatment of health problems. They are not substitutes for consulting a qualified medical professional.
Benefits of EAAs
While more evidence is needed, many studies suggest EAAs — leucine in particular — support MPS. This is even more potent in older athletes as “EAA supplementation maintained over time can improve lean body mass.” Therefore, getting adequate protein in our diets (especially if we are active) is important because of the EAAs found in protein, which function as the building blocks of muscle. (6)(7)(8)
As a pre-workout, Kion touts their Aminos Powder as a means to energy without stimulants, improves stamina (and therefore performance) during training, and protects lean muscle during fasted cardio.
As a post-workout, the EAAs in Kion Aminos Powder (also available in capsule form) could help maintain lean muscle and reduce necessary recovery time. Kion recommends taking their Aminos Powder every three hours if fasting to prevent muscle loss as lean soft tissue has shown to decrease more than fat during extended fasting periods, though both decrease significantly. (9)
Here are some of the many processes amino acids support: (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)
Energy
Aminos can boost energy, without caffeine or other stimulants, in three ways. First, by supporting mitochondrial production and effectiveness for improved energy production and athletic performance. Second, by reducing muscle fatigue during endurance and strength-related activities. And finally, by counteracting mental fatigue by replenishing the thrice-fold increased rate of leucine oxidation during exercise that otherwise allows increased amounts of tryptophan to cross the blood-brain barrier and induce serotonergic effects.
The EAA lysine, in particular, is involved in energy production through glycogenic and ketogenic formation of glucose, glycogen, and lipids. It can also be metabolized to acetyl CoA, which is involved in carbohydrate metabolism and energy production. Lysine is also a precursor for L-carnitine, an amino acid involved in transporting fatty acids into the mitochondria for energy production. (18)
Muscle and Strength
Taking aminos can support the creation of new, stronger, healthier muscles faster than protein alone. Due to muscle proteins being in a constant state of turnover, building (even maintaining) muscle requires MPS to exceed muscle protein breakdown (MPB). EAAs cause a spike in the amino acid profile of blood faster than protein, and because EAAs reduce MPB while simultaneously increasing MPS, they are crucial for anyone looking to build muscle.
The amino acid leucine plays a particularly important role in MPS. In one 2020 study in the Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 30 male college athletes were randomly assigned to receive either whey protein, leucine, or a placebo. The subjects then underwent resistance training for eight weeks. Strength, bench press, squat, shoulder press, maximum pull-ups, and body composition were assessed. The leucine group achieved significantly greater gains in fat-free mass and muscle mass and significant decreases in fat mass compared to whey and placebo groups. (19)
A 2002 study in the American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism found that taking EAAs after resistance training led to the stimulation of MPS after exercise. Aminos can supply muscles with energy during a workout, which can help maintain strength. For example, another study one study published in 2018 in Frontiers in Physiology found that the ingestion of EAAs before a weightlifting workout led to the research group having more strength in their biceps than the control group who were given a placebo. (20)(21)
Recovery
Aminos can enhance athletic recovery by reducing soreness and improving readiness for subsequent exercise by reducing MPB and damage. How well one recovers can be equally as important as how hard one trains. In particular, valine, leucine, and isoleucine have been shown to have positive benefits for exercise recovery, including promoting glucose uptake by muscles. (22)
A meta-analysis in the International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research examining the effect of BCAA supplementation on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) examined 93 participants in five studies. The results indicated that DOMS decreased following BCAA supplementation when compared to placebo. (23)
Another meta-analysis in Nutrition examined eight randomized clinical trials on the effect of valine, leucine, and isoleucine supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage and recovery. It was shown that these three EAAs are better than passive recovery or rest after various forms of exhaustive and damaging exercise. Yet another 2017 research review in Nutrients found that there was evidence for the EAAs leucine, isoleucine, and valine, in particular, being effective for recovery and minimizing muscle damage caused by exercise. (24)(25)
Below is a brief breakdown of each of the nine EAAs and their benefits for a routine gymgoer, including those more related to improved metabolism, athletic performance, and longevity.
Note: doses mentioned for each EAA below can vary depending on one’s diet and should not be taken as medical advice.
Phenylalanine
According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information, phenylalanine “plays a key role in the biosynthesis of other amino acids.” It is used in biosynthesis — the production of molecules in cells — of dopamine and norepinephrine transmitters after being converted to the precursor amino acid tyrosine. Tyrosine potentially helps combat “decrements in cognitive performance.”(13X)(26)
There is not a set daily phenylalanine requirement for any age group yet. Still, there are suggested estimates of approximately 38 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day (minus one) — meaning that a 180-pound adult could consume a little over three grams. Kion Aminos Powder provides 350 milligrams of phenylalanine per serving, right in that range. (27)
Valine
Valine helps determine the three-dimensional structure of globular proteins’ interior and “maintains mental vigor, muscle coordination, and emotional calm. As a stimulant, it “promotes muscle growth and tissue repair.” (28)
Tryptophan
Tryptophan is a precursor to serotonin — a neurotransmitter involved in regulating behavior, mood, and memory. As such, tryptophan can help suppress feelings of depression and anxiety. (29)(30)
While further studies are needed for improved accuracy, a 2021 systemic review of tryptophan in the Journal of Dietary Supplements suggested a recommended daily dose in the range of 0.14 to three grams of tryptophan in addition to meals. Kino Aminos Powders provides 3.5 grams of tryptophan per serving.
Threonine
Threonine can be used to potentially help alleviate mild depression and anxiety but primarily functions for “fat metabolism and preventing fat buildup in the liver.” While specific dosing for threonine is not set in stone, 15 milligrams per kilogram of body weight minus one has shown to be “sufficient to achieve mean amino acid balance.” (14X)(31)
Isoleucine
Isoleucine “can improve the immune system.” Additionally, it can assist in wound healing, stimulate immune function, promote the secretion of several hormones, and is necessary for blood sugar and energy regulation. (32)(16X)
Methionine
Methionine is required for tissue repair and “improves the tone and pliability of skin, hair, and strengthens nails.” Additionally, it is essential for the absorption of selenium and zinc. The former helps regulate the immune and reproductive systems, and the latter is critical for proper metabolism function. (12X)(33)(34)
Histidine
Histidine performs essential…”anti-oxidant and anti-secretory functions.” It also modulates inflammatory response and gastric acid regulation. Other potential benefits of histidine are reduced appetite, anxiety, and stress responses, as well as improved sleep. (35)
However, due to the limited research available, the upper limit of histidine dosage isn’t clear, though doses greater than 24 grams per day have shown some adverse cognitive effects. (36)
Leucine
Leucine stimulates MPS and energy metabolism while “inhibiting protein degradation.” Furthermore, leucine intake post-exercise can support muscle repair and recovery. (37)(38)(39)
Lysine
Lysine’s primary role is in protein synthesis, wound healing, and inducing angiogenic responses — developing new blood cells. A 2019 systemic review in Amino Acids determined that lysine 16.8 to 17.5 grams per day had adverse effects on digestion. Kino Aminos Powders’ lysine content is in the much more conservative range of 850 milligrams. (40)(41)(42)
Kion Aminos Powder
This EAA powder is available in four flavors, each including doses of all nine essential amino acids: phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine. Each tub comes with 30 servings.
Get the Essentials
Now that you have a sense of the role of each of the nine EAAs, and that they are dietary necessities since the human body does not naturally produce them — an EAA supplement powder may be worth considering if your diet is deficient in any of them. Of course, it is always best to consult your physician before adjusting your diet with supplements. Though more research is needed for confident dosing of each EAA, the current science would likely support the dosing provided by Kion Aminos Powder.
References
[*]
National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1989. 6, Protein and Amino Acids. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234922/
Hulmi, J. J., Lockwood, C. M., & Stout, J. R. (2010). Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein. Nutrition & metabolism, 7, 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-7-51
Church, D. D., Hirsch, K. R., Park, S., Kim, I. Y., Gwin, J. A., Pasiakos, S. M., Wolfe, R. R., & Ferrando, A. A. (2020). Essential Amino Acids and Protein Synthesis: Insights into Maximizing the Muscle and Whole-Body Response to Feeding. Nutrients, 12(12), 3717. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123717
Atherton, P. J., & Smith, K. (2012). Muscle protein synthesis in response to nutrition and exercise. The Journal of physiology, 590(5), 1049–1057. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2011.225003
Lopez, M. J., & Mohiuddin, S. S. (2022). Biochemistry, Essential Amino Acids. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Hulmi, J. J., Lockwood, C. M., & Stout, J. R. (2010). Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein. Nutrition & metabolism, 7, 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-7-51
Katsanos, C. S., Kobayashi, H., Sheffield-Moore, M., Aarsland, A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2006). A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 291(2), E381–E387. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2005
Dillon, E. L., Sheffield-Moore, M., Paddon-Jones, D., Gilkison, C., Sanford, A. P., Casperson, S. L., Jiang, J., Chinkes, D. L., & Urban, R. J. (2009). Amino acid supplementation increases lean body mass, basal muscle protein synthesis, and insulin-like growth factor-I expression in older women. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 94(5), 1630–1637. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1564
Laurens, C., Grundler, F., Damiot, A., Chery, I., Le Maho, A. L., Zahariev, A., Le Maho, Y., Bergouignan, A., Gauquelin-Koch, G., Simon, C., Blanc, S., & Wilhelmi de Toledo, F. (2021). Is muscle and protein loss relevant in long-term fasting in healthy men? A prospective trial on physiological adaptations. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 12(6), 1690–1703. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12766
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6106, Leucine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Leucine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 16130064. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16130064.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6137, Methionine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Methionine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6288, L-threonine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/L-threonine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 54608559. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/54608559.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6306, l-Isoleucine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/l-Isoleucine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6274, Histidine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Histidine.
[*]National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6140, Phenylalanine. Retrieved September 17, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Phenylalanine.
[*]No authors listed. L-Lysine. Alternative Medicine Review. 2007. Retrieved Oct. 13, 2022 from https://altmedrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/v12-2-169.pdf
Obradovi?, J., Vukadinovi? Juriši?, M., & Rakonjac, D. (2020). The effects of leucine and whey protein supplementation with eight weeks of resistance training on strength and body composition. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 60(6), 864–869. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.20.09742-X
Børsheim, E., Tipton, K. D., Wolf, S. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (2002). Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 283(4), E648–E657. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00466.2001
[*]Negro, M., Segreto, V., Barbero, M., Cescon, C., Castelli, L., Calanni, L., & D’Antona, G. (2018). Essential Amino Acids (EAA) Mixture Supplementation: Effects of an Acute Administration Protocol on Myoelectric Manifestations of Fatigue in the Biceps Brachii After Resistance Exercise. Frontiers In Physiology, 9. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01140
Zhou, M., Shao, J., Wu, C. Y., Shu, L., Dong, W., Liu, Y., Chen, M., Wynn, R. M., Wang, J., Wang, J., Gui, W. J., Qi, X., Lusis, A. J., Li, Z., Wang, W., Ning, G., Yang, X., Chuang, D. T., Wang, Y., & Sun, H. (2019). Targeting BCAA Catabolism to Treat Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance. Diabetes, 68(9), 1730–1746. https://doi.org/10.2337/db18-0927
Fedewa, M. V., Spencer, S. O., Williams, T. D., Becker, Z. E., & Fuqua, C. A. (2019). Effect of branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Muscle Soreness following Exercise: A Meta-Analysis. International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition, 89(5-6), 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000543
[*]Rahimi, M., Shab-Bidar, S., Mollahosseini, M., & Djafarian, K. (2017). Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and exercise-induced muscle damage in exercise recovery: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutrition, 42, 30-36. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.05.005
[*]Fouré, A., & Bendahan, D. (2017). Is Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation an Efficient Nutritional Strategy to Alleviate Skeletal Muscle Damage? A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 9(10), 1047. doi: 10.3390/nu9101047
Jongkees, B. J., Hommel, B., Kühn, S., & Colzato, L. S. (2015). Effect of tyrosine supplementation on clinical and healthy populations under stress or cognitive demands–A review. Journal of psychiatric research, 70, 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.014
Kurpad, A. V., Regan, M. M., Raj, T. D., Rao, V. N., Gnanou, J., & Young, V. R. (2006). The daily phenylalanine requirement of healthy Indian adults. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 83(6), 1331–1336. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1331
[*]National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6287, Valine. Retrieved September 17, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Valine.
Kikuchi, A. M., Tanabe, A., & Iwahori, Y. (2021). A systematic review of the effect of L-tryptophan supplementation on mood and emotional functioning. Journal of dietary supplements, 18(3), 316–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2020.1746725
[*]
Bamalan OA, Moore MJ, Al Khalili Y. Physiology, Serotonin. [Updated 2022 Jul 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545168/
Borgonha, S., Regan, M. M., Oh, S. H., Condon, M., & Young, V. R. (2002). Threonine requirement of healthy adults, derived with a 24-h indicator amino acid balance technique. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 75(4), 698–704. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/75.4.698
Gu, C., Mao, X., Chen, D., Yu, B., & Yang, Q. (2019). Isoleucine Plays an Important Role for Maintaining Immune Function. Current protein & peptide science, 20(7), 644–651. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389203720666190305163135
Kieliszek, M., & B?a?ejak, S. (2016). Current Knowledge on the Importance of Selenium in Food for Living Organisms: A Review. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 21(5), 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050609
Saper, R. B., & Rash, R. (2009). Zinc: an essential micronutrient. American family physician, 79(9), 768–772.
[*]
Kessler AT, Raja A. Biochemistry, Histidine. [Updated 2022 Jul 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538201/
Thalacker-Mercer, A. E., & Gheller, M. E. (2020). Benefits and Adverse Effects of Histidine Supplementation. The Journal of nutrition, 150(Suppl 1), 2588S–2592S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa229
Mero A. (1999). Leucine supplementation and intensive training. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 27(6), 347–358. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199927060-00001
Duan, Y., Li, F., Li, Y., Tang, Y., Kong, X., Feng, Z., Anthony, T. G., Watford, M., Hou, Y., Wu, G., & Yin, Y. (2016). The role of leucine and its metabolites in protein and energy metabolism. Amino acids, 48(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-015-2067-1
Waskiw-Ford, M., Hannaian, S., Duncan, J., Kato, H., Abou Sawan, S., Locke, M., Kumbhare, D., & Moore, D. (2020). Leucine-Enriched Essential Amino Acids Improve Recovery from Post-Exercise Muscle Damage Independent of Increases in Integrated Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis in Young Men. Nutrients, 12(4), 1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041061
Tomé, D., & Bos, C. (2007). Lysine requirement through the human life cycle. The Journal of nutrition, 137(6 Suppl 2), 1642S–1645S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.6.1642S
Datta, D., Bhinge, A., & Chandran, V. (2001). Lysine: Is it worth more?. Cytotechnology, 36(1-3), 3–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014097121364
Hayamizu, K., Oshima, I., Fukuda, Z., Kuramochi, Y., Nagai, Y., Izumo, N., & Nakano, M. (2019). Safety assessment of L-lysine oral intake: a systematic review. Amino acids, 51(4), 647–659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-019-02697-3
Featured image courtesy of Kion.
Click here to view the article.
There are many benefits of EAAs, primarily their positive influence on improving muscle protein synthesis (MPS) — the body’s adaptive response to exercise. Per Nutrition & Metabolism, “regardless of age or gender, resistance training or provision of adequate amounts of dietary protein (PRO) or essential amino acids (EAA) can increase MPS in healthy adults.” (2)(3)(4)
There are nine essential amino acids, including phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine.” (5) Let’s break down what each of the EAAs do and why a product like Kion Aminos Powder, which provides doses of all nine EAAs across their four available flavors — Mango, Cool Lime, Watermelon, and Mixed Berry — is worth potential inclusion to your supplement stack.
Kion Aminos Powder
This EAA powder is available in four flavors, each including doses of all nine essential amino acids: phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine. Each tub comes with 30 servings.
Editor’s Note: The content on BarBend is meant to be informative in nature, but it should not be taken as medical advice. When starting a new training regimen and/or diet, it is always a good idea to consult with a trusted medical professional. We are not a medical resource. The opinions and articles on this site are not intended for use as diagnosis, prevention, and/or treatment of health problems. They are not substitutes for consulting a qualified medical professional.
Benefits of EAAs
While more evidence is needed, many studies suggest EAAs — leucine in particular — support MPS. This is even more potent in older athletes as “EAA supplementation maintained over time can improve lean body mass.” Therefore, getting adequate protein in our diets (especially if we are active) is important because of the EAAs found in protein, which function as the building blocks of muscle. (6)(7)(8)
As a pre-workout, Kion touts their Aminos Powder as a means to energy without stimulants, improves stamina (and therefore performance) during training, and protects lean muscle during fasted cardio.
As a post-workout, the EAAs in Kion Aminos Powder (also available in capsule form) could help maintain lean muscle and reduce necessary recovery time. Kion recommends taking their Aminos Powder every three hours if fasting to prevent muscle loss as lean soft tissue has shown to decrease more than fat during extended fasting periods, though both decrease significantly. (9)
Here are some of the many processes amino acids support: (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)
Healthy blood sugar levels
Growth hormone production
Connective tissue health
Cardiovascular health
Liver function
Mood, norepinephrine, and dopamine synthesis
Nervous system function
Adrenaline and noradrenaline release
Fat metabolism
Immune function
Serotonin production and sleep regulation
Immune function
Hemoglobin production
Blood cell manufacture
Nerve cell protection
Gastric secretion
Sexual functions
There are three processes supported by amino acids: energy, muscle, and recovery. Check out a breakdown of each below:
Energy
Aminos can boost energy, without caffeine or other stimulants, in three ways. First, by supporting mitochondrial production and effectiveness for improved energy production and athletic performance. Second, by reducing muscle fatigue during endurance and strength-related activities. And finally, by counteracting mental fatigue by replenishing the thrice-fold increased rate of leucine oxidation during exercise that otherwise allows increased amounts of tryptophan to cross the blood-brain barrier and induce serotonergic effects.
The EAA lysine, in particular, is involved in energy production through glycogenic and ketogenic formation of glucose, glycogen, and lipids. It can also be metabolized to acetyl CoA, which is involved in carbohydrate metabolism and energy production. Lysine is also a precursor for L-carnitine, an amino acid involved in transporting fatty acids into the mitochondria for energy production. (18)
Muscle and Strength
Taking aminos can support the creation of new, stronger, healthier muscles faster than protein alone. Due to muscle proteins being in a constant state of turnover, building (even maintaining) muscle requires MPS to exceed muscle protein breakdown (MPB). EAAs cause a spike in the amino acid profile of blood faster than protein, and because EAAs reduce MPB while simultaneously increasing MPS, they are crucial for anyone looking to build muscle.
The amino acid leucine plays a particularly important role in MPS. In one 2020 study in the Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 30 male college athletes were randomly assigned to receive either whey protein, leucine, or a placebo. The subjects then underwent resistance training for eight weeks. Strength, bench press, squat, shoulder press, maximum pull-ups, and body composition were assessed. The leucine group achieved significantly greater gains in fat-free mass and muscle mass and significant decreases in fat mass compared to whey and placebo groups. (19)
A 2002 study in the American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism found that taking EAAs after resistance training led to the stimulation of MPS after exercise. Aminos can supply muscles with energy during a workout, which can help maintain strength. For example, another study one study published in 2018 in Frontiers in Physiology found that the ingestion of EAAs before a weightlifting workout led to the research group having more strength in their biceps than the control group who were given a placebo. (20)(21)
Recovery
Aminos can enhance athletic recovery by reducing soreness and improving readiness for subsequent exercise by reducing MPB and damage. How well one recovers can be equally as important as how hard one trains. In particular, valine, leucine, and isoleucine have been shown to have positive benefits for exercise recovery, including promoting glucose uptake by muscles. (22)
A meta-analysis in the International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research examining the effect of BCAA supplementation on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) examined 93 participants in five studies. The results indicated that DOMS decreased following BCAA supplementation when compared to placebo. (23)
Another meta-analysis in Nutrition examined eight randomized clinical trials on the effect of valine, leucine, and isoleucine supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage and recovery. It was shown that these three EAAs are better than passive recovery or rest after various forms of exhaustive and damaging exercise. Yet another 2017 research review in Nutrients found that there was evidence for the EAAs leucine, isoleucine, and valine, in particular, being effective for recovery and minimizing muscle damage caused by exercise. (24)(25)
Below is a brief breakdown of each of the nine EAAs and their benefits for a routine gymgoer, including those more related to improved metabolism, athletic performance, and longevity.
Note: doses mentioned for each EAA below can vary depending on one’s diet and should not be taken as medical advice.
Phenylalanine
According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information, phenylalanine “plays a key role in the biosynthesis of other amino acids.” It is used in biosynthesis — the production of molecules in cells — of dopamine and norepinephrine transmitters after being converted to the precursor amino acid tyrosine. Tyrosine potentially helps combat “decrements in cognitive performance.”(13X)(26)
There is not a set daily phenylalanine requirement for any age group yet. Still, there are suggested estimates of approximately 38 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day (minus one) — meaning that a 180-pound adult could consume a little over three grams. Kion Aminos Powder provides 350 milligrams of phenylalanine per serving, right in that range. (27)
Valine
Valine helps determine the three-dimensional structure of globular proteins’ interior and “maintains mental vigor, muscle coordination, and emotional calm. As a stimulant, it “promotes muscle growth and tissue repair.” (28)
Tryptophan
Tryptophan is a precursor to serotonin — a neurotransmitter involved in regulating behavior, mood, and memory. As such, tryptophan can help suppress feelings of depression and anxiety. (29)(30)
While further studies are needed for improved accuracy, a 2021 systemic review of tryptophan in the Journal of Dietary Supplements suggested a recommended daily dose in the range of 0.14 to three grams of tryptophan in addition to meals. Kino Aminos Powders provides 3.5 grams of tryptophan per serving.
Threonine
Threonine can be used to potentially help alleviate mild depression and anxiety but primarily functions for “fat metabolism and preventing fat buildup in the liver.” While specific dosing for threonine is not set in stone, 15 milligrams per kilogram of body weight minus one has shown to be “sufficient to achieve mean amino acid balance.” (14X)(31)
Isoleucine
Isoleucine “can improve the immune system.” Additionally, it can assist in wound healing, stimulate immune function, promote the secretion of several hormones, and is necessary for blood sugar and energy regulation. (32)(16X)
Methionine
Methionine is required for tissue repair and “improves the tone and pliability of skin, hair, and strengthens nails.” Additionally, it is essential for the absorption of selenium and zinc. The former helps regulate the immune and reproductive systems, and the latter is critical for proper metabolism function. (12X)(33)(34)
Histidine
Histidine performs essential…”anti-oxidant and anti-secretory functions.” It also modulates inflammatory response and gastric acid regulation. Other potential benefits of histidine are reduced appetite, anxiety, and stress responses, as well as improved sleep. (35)
However, due to the limited research available, the upper limit of histidine dosage isn’t clear, though doses greater than 24 grams per day have shown some adverse cognitive effects. (36)
Leucine
Leucine stimulates MPS and energy metabolism while “inhibiting protein degradation.” Furthermore, leucine intake post-exercise can support muscle repair and recovery. (37)(38)(39)
Lysine
Lysine’s primary role is in protein synthesis, wound healing, and inducing angiogenic responses — developing new blood cells. A 2019 systemic review in Amino Acids determined that lysine 16.8 to 17.5 grams per day had adverse effects on digestion. Kino Aminos Powders’ lysine content is in the much more conservative range of 850 milligrams. (40)(41)(42)
Kion Aminos Powder
This EAA powder is available in four flavors, each including doses of all nine essential amino acids: phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine. Each tub comes with 30 servings.
Get the Essentials
Now that you have a sense of the role of each of the nine EAAs, and that they are dietary necessities since the human body does not naturally produce them — an EAA supplement powder may be worth considering if your diet is deficient in any of them. Of course, it is always best to consult your physician before adjusting your diet with supplements. Though more research is needed for confident dosing of each EAA, the current science would likely support the dosing provided by Kion Aminos Powder.
References
National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1989. 6, Protein and Amino Acids. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234922/
Hulmi, J. J., Lockwood, C. M., & Stout, J. R. (2010). Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein. Nutrition & metabolism, 7, 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-7-51
Church, D. D., Hirsch, K. R., Park, S., Kim, I. Y., Gwin, J. A., Pasiakos, S. M., Wolfe, R. R., & Ferrando, A. A. (2020). Essential Amino Acids and Protein Synthesis: Insights into Maximizing the Muscle and Whole-Body Response to Feeding. Nutrients, 12(12), 3717. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123717
Atherton, P. J., & Smith, K. (2012). Muscle protein synthesis in response to nutrition and exercise. The Journal of physiology, 590(5), 1049–1057. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2011.225003
Lopez, M. J., & Mohiuddin, S. S. (2022). Biochemistry, Essential Amino Acids. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Hulmi, J. J., Lockwood, C. M., & Stout, J. R. (2010). Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein. Nutrition & metabolism, 7, 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-7-51
Katsanos, C. S., Kobayashi, H., Sheffield-Moore, M., Aarsland, A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2006). A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 291(2), E381–E387. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2005
Dillon, E. L., Sheffield-Moore, M., Paddon-Jones, D., Gilkison, C., Sanford, A. P., Casperson, S. L., Jiang, J., Chinkes, D. L., & Urban, R. J. (2009). Amino acid supplementation increases lean body mass, basal muscle protein synthesis, and insulin-like growth factor-I expression in older women. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 94(5), 1630–1637. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1564
Laurens, C., Grundler, F., Damiot, A., Chery, I., Le Maho, A. L., Zahariev, A., Le Maho, Y., Bergouignan, A., Gauquelin-Koch, G., Simon, C., Blanc, S., & Wilhelmi de Toledo, F. (2021). Is muscle and protein loss relevant in long-term fasting in healthy men? A prospective trial on physiological adaptations. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 12(6), 1690–1703. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12766
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6106, Leucine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Leucine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 16130064. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16130064.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6137, Methionine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Methionine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6288, L-threonine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/L-threonine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 54608559. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/54608559.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6306, l-Isoleucine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/l-Isoleucine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6274, Histidine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Histidine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6140, Phenylalanine. Retrieved September 17, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Phenylalanine.
No authors listed. L-Lysine. Alternative Medicine Review. 2007. Retrieved Oct. 13, 2022 from https://altmedrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/v12-2-169.pdf
Obradovi?, J., Vukadinovi? Juriši?, M., & Rakonjac, D. (2020). The effects of leucine and whey protein supplementation with eight weeks of resistance training on strength and body composition. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 60(6), 864–869. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.20.09742-X
Børsheim, E., Tipton, K. D., Wolf, S. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (2002). Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 283(4), E648–E657. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00466.2001
Negro, M., Segreto, V., Barbero, M., Cescon, C., Castelli, L., Calanni, L., & D’Antona, G. (2018). Essential Amino Acids (EAA) Mixture Supplementation: Effects of an Acute Administration Protocol on Myoelectric Manifestations of Fatigue in the Biceps Brachii After Resistance Exercise. Frontiers In Physiology, 9. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01140
Zhou, M., Shao, J., Wu, C. Y., Shu, L., Dong, W., Liu, Y., Chen, M., Wynn, R. M., Wang, J., Wang, J., Gui, W. J., Qi, X., Lusis, A. J., Li, Z., Wang, W., Ning, G., Yang, X., Chuang, D. T., Wang, Y., & Sun, H. (2019). Targeting BCAA Catabolism to Treat Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance. Diabetes, 68(9), 1730–1746. https://doi.org/10.2337/db18-0927
Fedewa, M. V., Spencer, S. O., Williams, T. D., Becker, Z. E., & Fuqua, C. A. (2019). Effect of branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Muscle Soreness following Exercise: A Meta-Analysis. International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition, 89(5-6), 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000543
Rahimi, M., Shab-Bidar, S., Mollahosseini, M., & Djafarian, K. (2017). Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and exercise-induced muscle damage in exercise recovery: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutrition, 42, 30-36. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.05.005
Fouré, A., & Bendahan, D. (2017). Is Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation an Efficient Nutritional Strategy to Alleviate Skeletal Muscle Damage? A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 9(10), 1047. doi: 10.3390/nu9101047
Jongkees, B. J., Hommel, B., Kühn, S., & Colzato, L. S. (2015). Effect of tyrosine supplementation on clinical and healthy populations under stress or cognitive demands–A review. Journal of psychiatric research, 70, 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.014
Kurpad, A. V., Regan, M. M., Raj, T. D., Rao, V. N., Gnanou, J., & Young, V. R. (2006). The daily phenylalanine requirement of healthy Indian adults. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 83(6), 1331–1336. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1331
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6287, Valine. Retrieved September 17, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Valine.
Kikuchi, A. M., Tanabe, A., & Iwahori, Y. (2021). A systematic review of the effect of L-tryptophan supplementation on mood and emotional functioning. Journal of dietary supplements, 18(3), 316–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2020.1746725
Bamalan OA, Moore MJ, Al Khalili Y. Physiology, Serotonin. [Updated 2022 Jul 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545168/
Borgonha, S., Regan, M. M., Oh, S. H., Condon, M., & Young, V. R. (2002). Threonine requirement of healthy adults, derived with a 24-h indicator amino acid balance technique. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 75(4), 698–704. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/75.4.698
Gu, C., Mao, X., Chen, D., Yu, B., & Yang, Q. (2019). Isoleucine Plays an Important Role for Maintaining Immune Function. Current protein & peptide science, 20(7), 644–651. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389203720666190305163135
Kieliszek, M., & B?a?ejak, S. (2016). Current Knowledge on the Importance of Selenium in Food for Living Organisms: A Review. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 21(5), 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050609
Saper, R. B., & Rash, R. (2009). Zinc: an essential micronutrient. American family physician, 79(9), 768–772.
Kessler AT, Raja A. Biochemistry, Histidine. [Updated 2022 Jul 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538201/
Thalacker-Mercer, A. E., & Gheller, M. E. (2020). Benefits and Adverse Effects of Histidine Supplementation. The Journal of nutrition, 150(Suppl 1), 2588S–2592S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa229
Mero A. (1999). Leucine supplementation and intensive training. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 27(6), 347–358. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199927060-00001
Duan, Y., Li, F., Li, Y., Tang, Y., Kong, X., Feng, Z., Anthony, T. G., Watford, M., Hou, Y., Wu, G., & Yin, Y. (2016). The role of leucine and its metabolites in protein and energy metabolism. Amino acids, 48(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-015-2067-1
Waskiw-Ford, M., Hannaian, S., Duncan, J., Kato, H., Abou Sawan, S., Locke, M., Kumbhare, D., & Moore, D. (2020). Leucine-Enriched Essential Amino Acids Improve Recovery from Post-Exercise Muscle Damage Independent of Increases in Integrated Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis in Young Men. Nutrients, 12(4), 1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041061
Tomé, D., & Bos, C. (2007). Lysine requirement through the human life cycle. The Journal of nutrition, 137(6 Suppl 2), 1642S–1645S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.6.1642S
Datta, D., Bhinge, A., & Chandran, V. (2001). Lysine: Is it worth more?. Cytotechnology, 36(1-3), 3–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014097121364
Hayamizu, K., Oshima, I., Fukuda, Z., Kuramochi, Y., Nagai, Y., Izumo, N., & Nakano, M. (2019). Safety assessment of L-lysine oral intake: a systematic review. Amino acids, 51(4), 647–659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-019-02697-3
Featured image courtesy of Kion.
Many products are vying for their spot in your supplement stack. From vitamins and pre-workouts to digestive or joint health supplements, it can be challenging to know how to simplify or understand what is necessary for your goals. Essential amino acids (EAAs) are likely among those items in your stack or at least are a consideration for inclusion, as they are considered dietarily essential — as their name implies — but not naturally produced by humans. (1)
There are many benefits of EAAs, primarily their positive influence on improving muscle protein synthesis (MPS) — the body’s adaptive response to exercise. Per Nutrition & Metabolism, “regardless of age or gender, resistance training or provision of adequate amounts of dietary protein (PRO) or essential amino acids (EAA) can increase MPS in healthy adults.” (2)(3)(4)
There are nine essential amino acids, including phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine.” (5) Let’s break down what each of the EAAs do and why a product like Kion Aminos Powder, which provides doses of all nine EAAs across their four available flavors — Mango, Cool Lime, Watermelon, and Mixed Berry — is worth potential inclusion to your supplement stack.
Kion Aminos Powder
This EAA powder is available in four flavors, each including doses of all nine essential amino acids: phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine. Each tub comes with 30 servings.
Editor’s Note: The content on BarBend is meant to be informative in nature, but it should not be taken as medical advice. When starting a new training regimen and/or diet, it is always a good idea to consult with a trusted medical professional. We are not a medical resource. The opinions and articles on this site are not intended for use as diagnosis, prevention, and/or treatment of health problems. They are not substitutes for consulting a qualified medical professional.
Benefits of EAAs
While more evidence is needed, many studies suggest EAAs — leucine in particular — support MPS. This is even more potent in older athletes as “EAA supplementation maintained over time can improve lean body mass.” Therefore, getting adequate protein in our diets (especially if we are active) is important because of the EAAs found in protein, which function as the building blocks of muscle. (6)(7)(8)
As a pre-workout, Kion touts their Aminos Powder as a means to energy without stimulants, improves stamina (and therefore performance) during training, and protects lean muscle during fasted cardio.
As a post-workout, the EAAs in Kion Aminos Powder (also available in capsule form) could help maintain lean muscle and reduce necessary recovery time. Kion recommends taking their Aminos Powder every three hours if fasting to prevent muscle loss as lean soft tissue has shown to decrease more than fat during extended fasting periods, though both decrease significantly. (9)
Here are some of the many processes amino acids support: (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)
Healthy blood sugar levels
Growth hormone production
Connective tissue health
Cardiovascular health
Liver function
Mood, norepinephrine, and dopamine synthesis
Nervous system function
Adrenaline and noradrenaline release
Fat metabolism
Immune function
Serotonin production and sleep regulation
Immune function
Hemoglobin production
Blood cell manufacture
Nerve cell protection
Gastric secretion
Sexual functions
Energy
Aminos can boost energy, without caffeine or other stimulants, in three ways. First, by supporting mitochondrial production and effectiveness for improved energy production and athletic performance. Second, by reducing muscle fatigue during endurance and strength-related activities. And finally, by counteracting mental fatigue by replenishing the thrice-fold increased rate of leucine oxidation during exercise that otherwise allows increased amounts of tryptophan to cross the blood-brain barrier and induce serotonergic effects.
The EAA lysine, in particular, is involved in energy production through glycogenic and ketogenic formation of glucose, glycogen, and lipids. It can also be metabolized to acetyl CoA, which is involved in carbohydrate metabolism and energy production. Lysine is also a precursor for L-carnitine, an amino acid involved in transporting fatty acids into the mitochondria for energy production. (18)
Muscle and Strength
Taking aminos can support the creation of new, stronger, healthier muscles faster than protein alone. Due to muscle proteins being in a constant state of turnover, building (even maintaining) muscle requires MPS to exceed muscle protein breakdown (MPB). EAAs cause a spike in the amino acid profile of blood faster than protein, and because EAAs reduce MPB while simultaneously increasing MPS, they are crucial for anyone looking to build muscle.
The amino acid leucine plays a particularly important role in MPS. In one 2020 study in the Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 30 male college athletes were randomly assigned to receive either whey protein, leucine, or a placebo. The subjects then underwent resistance training for eight weeks. Strength, bench press, squat, shoulder press, maximum pull-ups, and body composition were assessed. The leucine group achieved significantly greater gains in fat-free mass and muscle mass and significant decreases in fat mass compared to whey and placebo groups. (19)
A 2002 study in the American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism found that taking EAAs after resistance training led to the stimulation of MPS after exercise. Aminos can supply muscles with energy during a workout, which can help maintain strength. For example, another study one study published in 2018 in Frontiers in Physiology found that the ingestion of EAAs before a weightlifting workout led to the research group having more strength in their biceps than the control group who were given a placebo. (20)(21)
Recovery
Aminos can enhance athletic recovery by reducing soreness and improving readiness for subsequent exercise by reducing MPB and damage. How well one recovers can be equally as important as how hard one trains. In particular, valine, leucine, and isoleucine have been shown to have positive benefits for exercise recovery, including promoting glucose uptake by muscles. (22)
A meta-analysis in the International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research examining the effect of BCAA supplementation on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) examined 93 participants in five studies. The results indicated that DOMS decreased following BCAA supplementation when compared to placebo. (23)
Another meta-analysis in Nutrition examined eight randomized clinical trials on the effect of valine, leucine, and isoleucine supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage and recovery. It was shown that these three EAAs are better than passive recovery or rest after various forms of exhaustive and damaging exercise. Yet another 2017 research review in Nutrients found that there was evidence for the EAAs leucine, isoleucine, and valine, in particular, being effective for recovery and minimizing muscle damage caused by exercise. (24)(25)
Below is a brief breakdown of each of the nine EAAs and their benefits for a routine gymgoer, including those more related to improved metabolism, athletic performance, and longevity.
Note: doses mentioned for each EAA below can vary depending on one’s diet and should not be taken as medical advice.
Phenylalanine
According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information, phenylalanine “plays a key role in the biosynthesis of other amino acids.” It is used in biosynthesis — the production of molecules in cells — of dopamine and norepinephrine transmitters after being converted to the precursor amino acid tyrosine. Tyrosine potentially helps combat “decrements in cognitive performance.”(13X)(26)
There is not a set daily phenylalanine requirement for any age group yet. Still, there are suggested estimates of approximately 38 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day (minus one) — meaning that a 180-pound adult could consume a little over three grams. Kion Aminos Powder provides 350 milligrams of phenylalanine per serving, right in that range. (27)
Valine
Valine helps determine the three-dimensional structure of globular proteins’ interior and “maintains mental vigor, muscle coordination, and emotional calm. As a stimulant, it “promotes muscle growth and tissue repair.” (28)
Tryptophan
Tryptophan is a precursor to serotonin — a neurotransmitter involved in regulating behavior, mood, and memory. As such, tryptophan can help suppress feelings of depression and anxiety. (29)(30)
While further studies are needed for improved accuracy, a 2021 systemic review of tryptophan in the Journal of Dietary Supplements suggested a recommended daily dose in the range of 0.14 to three grams of tryptophan in addition to meals. Kino Aminos Powders provides 3.5 grams of tryptophan per serving.
Threonine
Threonine can be used to potentially help alleviate mild depression and anxiety but primarily functions for “fat metabolism and preventing fat buildup in the liver.” While specific dosing for threonine is not set in stone, 15 milligrams per kilogram of body weight minus one has shown to be “sufficient to achieve mean amino acid balance.” (14X)(31)
Isoleucine
Isoleucine “can improve the immune system.” Additionally, it can assist in wound healing, stimulate immune function, promote the secretion of several hormones, and is necessary for blood sugar and energy regulation. (32)(16X)
Methionine
Methionine is required for tissue repair and “improves the tone and pliability of skin, hair, and strengthens nails.” Additionally, it is essential for the absorption of selenium and zinc. The former helps regulate the immune and reproductive systems, and the latter is critical for proper metabolism function. (12X)(33)(34)
Histidine
Histidine performs essential…”anti-oxidant and anti-secretory functions.” It also modulates inflammatory response and gastric acid regulation. Other potential benefits of histidine are reduced appetite, anxiety, and stress responses, as well as improved sleep. (35)
However, due to the limited research available, the upper limit of histidine dosage isn’t clear, though doses greater than 24 grams per day have shown some adverse cognitive effects. (36)
Leucine
Leucine stimulates MPS and energy metabolism while “inhibiting protein degradation.” Furthermore, leucine intake post-exercise can support muscle repair and recovery. (37)(38)(39)
Lysine
Lysine’s primary role is in protein synthesis, wound healing, and inducing angiogenic responses — developing new blood cells. A 2019 systemic review in Amino Acids determined that lysine 16.8 to 17.5 grams per day had adverse effects on digestion. Kino Aminos Powders’ lysine content is in the much more conservative range of 850 milligrams. (40)(41)(42)
Kion Aminos Powder
This EAA powder is available in four flavors, each including doses of all nine essential amino acids: phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, and lysine. Each tub comes with 30 servings.
Get the Essentials
Now that you have a sense of the role of each of the nine EAAs, and that they are dietary necessities since the human body does not naturally produce them — an EAA supplement powder may be worth considering if your diet is deficient in any of them. Of course, it is always best to consult your physician before adjusting your diet with supplements. Though more research is needed for confident dosing of each EAA, the current science would likely support the dosing provided by Kion Aminos Powder.
References
[*]
National Research Council (US) Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1989. 6, Protein and Amino Acids. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234922/
Hulmi, J. J., Lockwood, C. M., & Stout, J. R. (2010). Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein. Nutrition & metabolism, 7, 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-7-51
Church, D. D., Hirsch, K. R., Park, S., Kim, I. Y., Gwin, J. A., Pasiakos, S. M., Wolfe, R. R., & Ferrando, A. A. (2020). Essential Amino Acids and Protein Synthesis: Insights into Maximizing the Muscle and Whole-Body Response to Feeding. Nutrients, 12(12), 3717. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123717
Atherton, P. J., & Smith, K. (2012). Muscle protein synthesis in response to nutrition and exercise. The Journal of physiology, 590(5), 1049–1057. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2011.225003
Lopez, M. J., & Mohiuddin, S. S. (2022). Biochemistry, Essential Amino Acids. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Hulmi, J. J., Lockwood, C. M., & Stout, J. R. (2010). Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein. Nutrition & metabolism, 7, 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-7-51
Katsanos, C. S., Kobayashi, H., Sheffield-Moore, M., Aarsland, A., & Wolfe, R. R. (2006). A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 291(2), E381–E387. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2005
Dillon, E. L., Sheffield-Moore, M., Paddon-Jones, D., Gilkison, C., Sanford, A. P., Casperson, S. L., Jiang, J., Chinkes, D. L., & Urban, R. J. (2009). Amino acid supplementation increases lean body mass, basal muscle protein synthesis, and insulin-like growth factor-I expression in older women. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 94(5), 1630–1637. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1564
Laurens, C., Grundler, F., Damiot, A., Chery, I., Le Maho, A. L., Zahariev, A., Le Maho, Y., Bergouignan, A., Gauquelin-Koch, G., Simon, C., Blanc, S., & Wilhelmi de Toledo, F. (2021). Is muscle and protein loss relevant in long-term fasting in healthy men? A prospective trial on physiological adaptations. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 12(6), 1690–1703. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12766
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6106, Leucine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Leucine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 16130064. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16130064.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6137, Methionine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Methionine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6288, L-threonine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/L-threonine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 54608559. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/54608559.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6306, l-Isoleucine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/l-Isoleucine.
National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6274, Histidine. Retrieved October 13, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Histidine.
[*]National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6140, Phenylalanine. Retrieved September 17, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Phenylalanine.
[*]No authors listed. L-Lysine. Alternative Medicine Review. 2007. Retrieved Oct. 13, 2022 from https://altmedrev.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/v12-2-169.pdf
Obradovi?, J., Vukadinovi? Juriši?, M., & Rakonjac, D. (2020). The effects of leucine and whey protein supplementation with eight weeks of resistance training on strength and body composition. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 60(6), 864–869. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.20.09742-X
Børsheim, E., Tipton, K. D., Wolf, S. E., & Wolfe, R. R. (2002). Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism, 283(4), E648–E657. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00466.2001
[*]Negro, M., Segreto, V., Barbero, M., Cescon, C., Castelli, L., Calanni, L., & D’Antona, G. (2018). Essential Amino Acids (EAA) Mixture Supplementation: Effects of an Acute Administration Protocol on Myoelectric Manifestations of Fatigue in the Biceps Brachii After Resistance Exercise. Frontiers In Physiology, 9. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01140
Zhou, M., Shao, J., Wu, C. Y., Shu, L., Dong, W., Liu, Y., Chen, M., Wynn, R. M., Wang, J., Wang, J., Gui, W. J., Qi, X., Lusis, A. J., Li, Z., Wang, W., Ning, G., Yang, X., Chuang, D. T., Wang, Y., & Sun, H. (2019). Targeting BCAA Catabolism to Treat Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance. Diabetes, 68(9), 1730–1746. https://doi.org/10.2337/db18-0927
Fedewa, M. V., Spencer, S. O., Williams, T. D., Becker, Z. E., & Fuqua, C. A. (2019). Effect of branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation on Muscle Soreness following Exercise: A Meta-Analysis. International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition, 89(5-6), 348–356. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000543
[*]Rahimi, M., Shab-Bidar, S., Mollahosseini, M., & Djafarian, K. (2017). Branched-chain amino acid supplementation and exercise-induced muscle damage in exercise recovery: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutrition, 42, 30-36. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.05.005
[*]Fouré, A., & Bendahan, D. (2017). Is Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation an Efficient Nutritional Strategy to Alleviate Skeletal Muscle Damage? A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 9(10), 1047. doi: 10.3390/nu9101047
Jongkees, B. J., Hommel, B., Kühn, S., & Colzato, L. S. (2015). Effect of tyrosine supplementation on clinical and healthy populations under stress or cognitive demands–A review. Journal of psychiatric research, 70, 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.014
Kurpad, A. V., Regan, M. M., Raj, T. D., Rao, V. N., Gnanou, J., & Young, V. R. (2006). The daily phenylalanine requirement of healthy Indian adults. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 83(6), 1331–1336. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1331
[*]National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 6287, Valine. Retrieved September 17, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Valine.
Kikuchi, A. M., Tanabe, A., & Iwahori, Y. (2021). A systematic review of the effect of L-tryptophan supplementation on mood and emotional functioning. Journal of dietary supplements, 18(3), 316–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2020.1746725
[*]
Bamalan OA, Moore MJ, Al Khalili Y. Physiology, Serotonin. [Updated 2022 Jul 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545168/
Borgonha, S., Regan, M. M., Oh, S. H., Condon, M., & Young, V. R. (2002). Threonine requirement of healthy adults, derived with a 24-h indicator amino acid balance technique. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 75(4), 698–704. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/75.4.698
Gu, C., Mao, X., Chen, D., Yu, B., & Yang, Q. (2019). Isoleucine Plays an Important Role for Maintaining Immune Function. Current protein & peptide science, 20(7), 644–651. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389203720666190305163135
Kieliszek, M., & B?a?ejak, S. (2016). Current Knowledge on the Importance of Selenium in Food for Living Organisms: A Review. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 21(5), 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21050609
Saper, R. B., & Rash, R. (2009). Zinc: an essential micronutrient. American family physician, 79(9), 768–772.
[*]
Kessler AT, Raja A. Biochemistry, Histidine. [Updated 2022 Jul 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538201/
Thalacker-Mercer, A. E., & Gheller, M. E. (2020). Benefits and Adverse Effects of Histidine Supplementation. The Journal of nutrition, 150(Suppl 1), 2588S–2592S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa229
Mero A. (1999). Leucine supplementation and intensive training. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 27(6), 347–358. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199927060-00001
Duan, Y., Li, F., Li, Y., Tang, Y., Kong, X., Feng, Z., Anthony, T. G., Watford, M., Hou, Y., Wu, G., & Yin, Y. (2016). The role of leucine and its metabolites in protein and energy metabolism. Amino acids, 48(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-015-2067-1
Waskiw-Ford, M., Hannaian, S., Duncan, J., Kato, H., Abou Sawan, S., Locke, M., Kumbhare, D., & Moore, D. (2020). Leucine-Enriched Essential Amino Acids Improve Recovery from Post-Exercise Muscle Damage Independent of Increases in Integrated Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis in Young Men. Nutrients, 12(4), 1061. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041061
Tomé, D., & Bos, C. (2007). Lysine requirement through the human life cycle. The Journal of nutrition, 137(6 Suppl 2), 1642S–1645S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.6.1642S
Datta, D., Bhinge, A., & Chandran, V. (2001). Lysine: Is it worth more?. Cytotechnology, 36(1-3), 3–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014097121364
Hayamizu, K., Oshima, I., Fukuda, Z., Kuramochi, Y., Nagai, Y., Izumo, N., & Nakano, M. (2019). Safety assessment of L-lysine oral intake: a systematic review. Amino acids, 51(4), 647–659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-019-02697-3
Featured image courtesy of Kion.
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