guardianactual
MuscleChemistry Registered Member
Nootropics (/noʊ.əˈtrɒpɨks/ noh-ə-trop-iks), also referred to as smart drugs, memory enhancers, neuro enhancers, cognitive enhancers, and intelligence enhancers, are drugs, supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods that improve one or more aspects of mental function, such as working memory, motivation, and attention.[1][2] The word nootropic was coined in 1972 by the Romanian Dr. Corneliu E. Giurgea,[3][4] derived from the Greek words νους nous, or "mind", and τρέπειν trepein meaning to bend or turn.[5]
Availability and prevalence
At present, there are only a few drugs which have been shown to improve some aspect of cognition in medical reviews.[citation needed] Many more are in different stages of development.[6] The most commonly used class of drug is stimulants, such as caffeine.[7]
These drugs are purportedly used primarily to treat cognitive or motor function difficulties attributable to such disorders as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and ADHD. However, more widespread use is being reported by some researchers, despite concern for further research.[8] Nevertheless, intense marketing may not correlate with efficacy; while scientific studies support the beneficial effects of some compounds, the marketing claims by manufacturers of dietary supplements are usually not formally tested by independent entities.[9]
Academic use
In academia, modafinil has been used to increase productivity, although its long-term effects have not been assessed in healthy individuals.[6] Stimulants such as dimethylamylamine and methylphenidate are used on college campuses and by younger groups.[6] One survey found that 7% of students had used stimulants for a cognitive edge, and on some campuses use in the past year is as high as 25%.[7][10] The use of prescription stimulants is especially prevalent among students attending academically competitive colleges.[10]
Surveys suggest that 3–11% of American students and 0.7–4.5% of German students have used cognitive enhancers in their lifetime.[11][12][13]
Several factors positively and negatively influence the use of drugs to increase cognitive performance. Among them are personal characteristics, drug characteristics, and characteristics of the social context.[11][12][14][15]
Side effects
The main concern with pharmaceutical drugs is adverse effects, and these concerns apply to cognitive-enhancing drugs as well. Long-term safety data is typically unavailable for some types of nootropics[6] (e.g., many non-pharmaceutical cognitive enhancers, newly developed pharmaceuticals and pharmaceuticals with short-term therapeutic use). While certain racetam compounds are suspected to have nootropic qualities, few side-effects, and a wide therapeutic window (low overdose risk),[16] other cognitive enhancers may be associated with a high incidence of adverse effects or a narrower therapeutic window (higher overdose risk).[clarification needed] While addiction to stimulants is sometimes asserted to be a cause for concern,[17] a very large body of research on the therapeutic use of the "more addictive" psychostimulants indicate that addiction is fairly rare in therapeutic doses.[18][19][20]
Noopept (Russian: Ноопепт; GVS-111, N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester) is a peptide promoted and prescribed in Russia and neighbouring countries as a nootropic. The registered brand name Noopept (Ноопепт) is trademarked by the manufacturer JSC LEKKO Pharmaceuticals. The compound is patented in both the US and Russia with patent of Russian Federation number 2119496, US Patent number 5,439,930 issued 8/8/1995.[1] It is sold as a dietary supplement in the US and as a medication in other countries.
Mechanism of action
Noopept Box Front
Noopept blister pack
Noopept is not technically a racetam molecule (due to not having a 2-oxo-pyrollidine skeleton),[2] but is generally grouped together in the same category because it shares similar mechanisms of action with racetam family.[3] When compared to traditional racetams, it has been found to be, according to studies, 1000 times more potent than the prototypical racetam drug, piracetam.[4] Since it is a peptide-derived compound, noopept is degraded by enzymes in the GI tract and liver.
References
^ PatentGenius.com http://www.patentgenius.com/patent/5439930.html
^ [unreliable medical source?]http://examine.com/supplements/Noopept/
^ Gudasheva TA, Boyko SS, Ostrovskaya RU, Voronina TA, Akparov VK, Trofimov SS, Rozantsev GG, Skoldinov AP, Zherdev VP, Seredenin SB (1997). "The major metabolite of dipeptide piracetam analogue GVS-111 in rat brain and its similarity to endogenous neuropeptide cyclo-L-prolylglycine". European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 22 (3): 245–52. doi:10.1007/BF03189814. PMID*9358206.
_____________
Caffeine because less effective for me and I wanted a clearlyan non stimulant jittery feel so I bought Noopept. I've had a lot of anxiety recently and it's said to help. First off 10mg as recommend did nothing for me 30mg was eh as well, I all but gave up on it before being told to up it to 100mg. 100mg had a very lasting effect, I was able to retain more that I read, multitask better, had better mind/muscle control and very clean non anxious energy. Although sleep was much harder as I felt very awake it was a pleasant stimulant it worked, for me, as documented. I recently used Kratom 1st at 1g then at 3g with nothing but a dirt taste in my mouth Kratom was, for me, useless.
Availability and prevalence
At present, there are only a few drugs which have been shown to improve some aspect of cognition in medical reviews.[citation needed] Many more are in different stages of development.[6] The most commonly used class of drug is stimulants, such as caffeine.[7]
These drugs are purportedly used primarily to treat cognitive or motor function difficulties attributable to such disorders as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and ADHD. However, more widespread use is being reported by some researchers, despite concern for further research.[8] Nevertheless, intense marketing may not correlate with efficacy; while scientific studies support the beneficial effects of some compounds, the marketing claims by manufacturers of dietary supplements are usually not formally tested by independent entities.[9]
Academic use
In academia, modafinil has been used to increase productivity, although its long-term effects have not been assessed in healthy individuals.[6] Stimulants such as dimethylamylamine and methylphenidate are used on college campuses and by younger groups.[6] One survey found that 7% of students had used stimulants for a cognitive edge, and on some campuses use in the past year is as high as 25%.[7][10] The use of prescription stimulants is especially prevalent among students attending academically competitive colleges.[10]
Surveys suggest that 3–11% of American students and 0.7–4.5% of German students have used cognitive enhancers in their lifetime.[11][12][13]
Several factors positively and negatively influence the use of drugs to increase cognitive performance. Among them are personal characteristics, drug characteristics, and characteristics of the social context.[11][12][14][15]
Side effects
The main concern with pharmaceutical drugs is adverse effects, and these concerns apply to cognitive-enhancing drugs as well. Long-term safety data is typically unavailable for some types of nootropics[6] (e.g., many non-pharmaceutical cognitive enhancers, newly developed pharmaceuticals and pharmaceuticals with short-term therapeutic use). While certain racetam compounds are suspected to have nootropic qualities, few side-effects, and a wide therapeutic window (low overdose risk),[16] other cognitive enhancers may be associated with a high incidence of adverse effects or a narrower therapeutic window (higher overdose risk).[clarification needed] While addiction to stimulants is sometimes asserted to be a cause for concern,[17] a very large body of research on the therapeutic use of the "more addictive" psychostimulants indicate that addiction is fairly rare in therapeutic doses.[18][19][20]
Noopept (Russian: Ноопепт; GVS-111, N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester) is a peptide promoted and prescribed in Russia and neighbouring countries as a nootropic. The registered brand name Noopept (Ноопепт) is trademarked by the manufacturer JSC LEKKO Pharmaceuticals. The compound is patented in both the US and Russia with patent of Russian Federation number 2119496, US Patent number 5,439,930 issued 8/8/1995.[1] It is sold as a dietary supplement in the US and as a medication in other countries.
Mechanism of action
Noopept Box Front
Noopept blister pack
Noopept is not technically a racetam molecule (due to not having a 2-oxo-pyrollidine skeleton),[2] but is generally grouped together in the same category because it shares similar mechanisms of action with racetam family.[3] When compared to traditional racetams, it has been found to be, according to studies, 1000 times more potent than the prototypical racetam drug, piracetam.[4] Since it is a peptide-derived compound, noopept is degraded by enzymes in the GI tract and liver.
References
^ PatentGenius.com http://www.patentgenius.com/patent/5439930.html
^ [unreliable medical source?]http://examine.com/supplements/Noopept/
^ Gudasheva TA, Boyko SS, Ostrovskaya RU, Voronina TA, Akparov VK, Trofimov SS, Rozantsev GG, Skoldinov AP, Zherdev VP, Seredenin SB (1997). "The major metabolite of dipeptide piracetam analogue GVS-111 in rat brain and its similarity to endogenous neuropeptide cyclo-L-prolylglycine". European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 22 (3): 245–52. doi:10.1007/BF03189814. PMID*9358206.
_____________
Caffeine because less effective for me and I wanted a clearlyan non stimulant jittery feel so I bought Noopept. I've had a lot of anxiety recently and it's said to help. First off 10mg as recommend did nothing for me 30mg was eh as well, I all but gave up on it before being told to up it to 100mg. 100mg had a very lasting effect, I was able to retain more that I read, multitask better, had better mind/muscle control and very clean non anxious energy. Although sleep was much harder as I felt very awake it was a pleasant stimulant it worked, for me, as documented. I recently used Kratom 1st at 1g then at 3g with nothing but a dirt taste in my mouth Kratom was, for me, useless.
