I figured it would be nice to have some contrarian views on some stuff around here for more discussion. Here is the DNP manual 'with updates' from Animal's Board.
The DNP manual!
(updated sections and additions are in bold)
Why you might want to use DNP.
Add some DNP to an animals diet. DNP can get metabolism up at least 50% which is conservative as some say 75% This would mean if the animal eats 3000 calories maintenance they are now at 1500 calories a day with no change in diet! A 2500 calorie a day would leave them with 1250 calories a day. There are 4086 calories in 1lb of fat and at 3000 calories a day your DNP adjusted calories for the day is 1500. Multiply that x 7 days to give you 10500 calorie deficit which is 2.5 lbs of fat loss for the week. At the 2500 calorie you have a 2.14 lb fat loss. These are both below what the BO diets claim and you don't have to stop eating!
If your animals weigh around 200lbs their effective dose is 400mg and the max can be as high as 800mg a day, however, with the discovery of how ALC works and from research on DNP from back in the 20's and 30's along with the availability of anti-oxidants specific for mitochondria, as well as it is more tolerable and easier for the body to cope with the free radical production if a low dose routine in the order 100-200mg a day is used for a longer period of time and in fact, like the usage of ALC which also excites mitochondria and produces free radicals AND IMPROVES performance, this low dose regimen is likely to IMPROVE performance, too.
High fat diets market on the basis that you are going to be able to lose 1.5-2lbs of fat by just changing your diet! WRONG and physiologically Impossible.
1 gram of fat is 9 calories. There are 454 grams in a 1 pound. This gives you 4086 calories for 1lb of fat. If you want to lose that 1lb of fat you have to have a 4086 calorie deficit to do it. In other words, you need -4086 calories in your diet if you want to lose 1 lb of fat. Now, Let's say you are at 3000 cal a day for maintenance. That is 21000 calories a week. You believe the marketing of the post above and think you can lose 1.5lbs of fat. That, my friends, is 6129 calories which you have to subtract from 21000 which leaves you with 14871 calories for the week or 2124 calories a day. You are going from 3000 to 2124 a day. If you want to lose that great sounding 2 pounds you are now at 12828 for the week or 1832 calories a day.
Let's be realistic and put you at 2500 maintenance calories. To lose 1.5lb you now need 11371 calories a week or 1624 calories a day or a nearly 900 calorie a day change. To lose the magical 2lb a week you need 9328 calories for the week or 1333 calories a day or a 1167 calorie change per day! That is rather difficult, but let’s add some DNP which can get you metabolism up at least 50% which would mean you are now at only 1500 calories a day for a 3000 calorie diet with no change in diet! A 2500 calorie a day would leave you with 1250 calories a day.
These are both below what the ketogenic and high fat diets claim and you don't have to stop eating!
Keep in mind that everyone is different.
Don’t take DNP on an empty stomach or it will feel like you have indigestion for most of the day.
I wanted to stress not to just go balls out (5mg/kg) and you should move up gradually on DNP for your first experience.
If you have an allergic reaction with red spots and itching then stop the DNP and get some Benadryl and then you should be able to start again.
The type of diet will also affect how you feel, as well as the type of workouts you are doing. These are variables you also will have to figure out for yourself.
The logic of my dieting regimen follows that while you are on DNP all the glycogen/glucose is being scavenged to provide ATP for the mitochondria so you will want to eat a NORMAL diet. High fat ketogenic diets are not going to help you build muscle even though DNP is anti-proteolytic (protein sparing).. Furthermore, when you eat fat it is more likely to go to fat! That is scientifically proven. So if I'm trying to burn fat, why would I want to eat it right back?
DNP is anti-proteolytic which means it uses carbohydrates or fats exclusively to supply energy for the mitochondria and does not facilitate muscle breakdown, however, this does not therefore mean DNP is positive for muscle building. The cells are running in overdrive and they are not going to be looking to make themselves bigger which requires even more energy, with this primarily being the case with high dose DNP as low dose could be different
Everyone is different and other supplements you take will affect your results, but as a whole, most people are not going to do well or feel well on high fat and high or low dose DNP. I also have found that taking particular supplements helps with how will you feel while on the DNP.
I feel better when I don't do huge carbs, however, when I don't do any as in high fat type diets, my workouts suffer just the same. Each individual has to decide for themselves and put those factors into perspective with what their goals are and how fast they want to accomplish them and how bad they are willing to feel for the desired weight loss.
Additionally, high fat diets or even low carb/high protein diets REDUCE insulin which is a key to maintaining leptin levels during dieting as it's been found that AFTER a diet has gone for about 2 weeks the leptin sets lower primarily due to the body not seeing as much insulin as it is used to. And if that's not bad enough, at the END of the diet even when the food intake returned to normal, LEPTIN DID NOT meaning that when the diet was over the dieters body stored fat FASTER which is why diets don't work for many............therefore, eat a normal diet and get insulin up once a day or more so the body doesn't think it is starving and lowers leptin.
WARNING: DNP will turn everything and anything yellow including skin, clothes, carpet, and hair. I dropped a capsule in my DNP container and bent over to look for it and my hair touched the edge of the container and my hair got dyed yellow! My hair did not even touch the DNP, but just the side of the container for about 2 seconds! DNP for the most part is not removable or bleachable with normal chemicals. It will also track. By that I mean, you think you have washed it off your hands and you touch something and later you see yellow spots on what you touched. If you are making caps you need 2 pairs of gloves, at least, as the DNP goes through the first pair due to an atrraction it has for moisture. DNP sublimes and floats. Due to this sublimation it will land on EVERYTHING if you leave it out even if there is no air circulation. DNP goes through EVERYTHING including plastic, hdpe plastic, pet plastic, plastic bags, nitrile and latex gloves. It can be washed out of clothing with hot water and detergents that have phenolic compounds in them such as Tide. DNP is not solvated by laquer thinner, acetone, paint thinner, or turpentine or any of the common organic solvents. If you wash your hands immediately after touching DNP with gamma-butyrolactone, otherwise know as GBL and used to make GHB, and then a detergent such as Dawn dishwashing soap, the stain will come out for the most part.
Using taurine as a filler GREATLY lowers the tracking and transfer of DNP and totally eliminates it leaching through plastic bags. Another better hand cleaner is oxybrite.
I have to say that a certain guru which some people keep quoting is what WAS PROVEN to be a very unreliable source. I will give him credit for bringing DNP to the forefront, but I will bet you a million bucks that he has never used it or mixed it. Here is a quote that bears this out; 'I don't see what the worry is about everything turning yellow? I have no problems, I just dry it out and cut it with a credit card and cap it.’
That is total BULLSHIT!. Anyone who has used or mixed DNP powder knows that it will get on EVERYTHING and turn it yellow. It goes through plastic bags. Just today I was sending someone 3g for research and I put it into a ziploc and 2 hours later I came back and the envelope under the bag was YELLOW! It goes through 1 laver of rubber gloves. It turns white HDPE bottles yellow. It floats everywhere. I had to put my stuff in a hood because it got on everything I had sitting out and I had to wash all my glassware and scales before I could use them again. DNP floats by sublimation which would be known just be reading the safety sheet or the Merck Index..
On the basis of that statement alone I have some real problems believing anything he says on the subject, but another famouns quote is, ‘DNP will raise your body temp high enough to kill you!’ This also proves that he has never done it because as you will find, your body temp only goes up about one degree. Ok, enough about the fake guru.
Someone just asked me if the shit I sent them was real. Well, if you want a test then rub it on your hands and throw some on your carpet. When your carpet has to be replaced because NOTHING can remove the yellow and you look like a total ass because your hands are bright yellow, then you can ask me if it is real!
Mostly people are taking DNP for 1 week at a time because it exhausts you and you sweat a lot, usually that is what I do, but due to my ‘work’ with DNP I got a dose while on an ECA week and that combination of DNP-ECA was like methamphetamine. If you are having problems with lethargy I would now recommend theophylline or Stim #2 or Analog-S or nicotine gum which is another stim
In fact the DNP with stimulant regimen was better because it had less side affects. I would venture that DNP-PPACA would also have the same methamphetamine type effects. At this time I do not know, however, whether PPA works on the same receptor so I would not do them back to back in cycles. ECAY where Y is yohimbine is also a combination that has meth type benefits. Clen-DNP did not exert any magical meth benefits that I noticed. Have not taken PPACA or PPACA-DNP or PPACAY.
Tyramine and yohimbine are awesome and someone was getting goosebumps and asked a pharmacologist what the goosebumps were about. The pharmacologist told him that it meant he was burning a lot of calories. I love this combination and it is just like meth due to large releases of NA although it only lasts 4 hours or so.
DNP also ‘upgrades’ the effects of clen. If you have used clen before and it had/has stopped working, then DNP will bring back it’s glory. I would surmise now that the mechanism of how this works is more an indicator of how DNP does NOT work in that DNP DOES NOT get to the mitochondria via beta receptors. When the beta receptors are used with such chems as CLEN, ephedrine, t3, etc, the cell senses homeostasis is changing and in order to slow things down, the cell then produces MORE ALPHA receptors which simply outcompete the betas by sheer numbers and when they grab a chemical such as clen, they render it useless. (Yohimbine or alpha yohimbine being alpha antagonists can subvert this mechanism far better than the bunk busted chems like ketotifen.)
This phenomenon of how DNP upgrades clen further lends credence to the fact that when DNP is used, the changing homeostasis of the cell does NOT invoke alpha receptor upgrade.
I like to keep the clen and DNP a week apart due to the affects they have on T3 although they work on different mechanism it is just a precaution to keep from shutting down the T3. You could add Yohimbine or alpha-yohimbine to it for an added benefit which will not cause downgrade of anything. Reports on DNP-Y indicate a higher rise in body temperature on this combination.
And if we think for a moment of how DNP stops the conversion of T4 to T3 either via heat affecting the enzyme or directly on the enzyme itself which really matters not because the point is that systemic T3 is REDUCED when DNP is used. This is not all bad because when the body doesn't see T3 it then ups TSH and T4 and when DNP is stopped you have a high level of T4 available to be converted to T3.
Due to the systemic affects of DNP, it affects EVERY cell in the body that has mitochondria, including smooth (digestive) and muscle and fat as well, you will not see a significant rise in body temp like you see with clen or ECA. Clen and ECA work primarily on muscle cells and that causes a rise in body temp just as if you were working out. I don’t know why this is such a difficult concept for some to understand, but I was sweating like hell recently, and I took my temp and it was 95.8. ON DNP!
DNP MECHANISMS
The basics first. DNP is a classified as a chemical poison. It’s mode of action is to disrupt the ETC (electron transport chain) and cause uninhibited exchange of protons. This exchange of protons is what is responsible for making ADP into ATP. NOTHING can stop the disruption of this process once it starts. DNP works no matter what! High or low T3 has nothing to do with whether or not DNP affects the mitochondria and burns off extra energy. DNP gets into the cell and into the mitochondria and causes proton release. No other hormones are needed or noted.
Even so, it works in much the same way as clen or ECA or PPACA or thyroid. They ALL cause the metabolism to speed up. These all work via the mitochondria as well, although the non-DNP diet drugs work on the receptors first and DNP goes directly to the mitochondria, the results are the same which is speeding up the metabolism to burn fat.
Some other important facts you should know are how ephedrine and beta-3 activation drugs work.
These both cause uncoupling of the ETC chain just like DNP! Ephedrine works part of its magic via beta-3's and much research has been done looking for a magic beta-3 drug. Why, we have it and it is called DNP! If you are sitting around and something is making you hotter, you are most likely experiencing an uncoupling of the ETC chain. No big deal, but DNP just causes a greater effect.
I knew there was a reason that you CANNOT die from DNP usage, at least the doses many are doing. I talked to a couple people about this but just couldn't find the info to prove it. Ok, so what does DNP do? It uncouples the ETC or oxidative phosphorylation as was elaborate upon above, allowing electron flow to go unchecked at maximal rate and resulting in heat production and ATP depletion.
ATP depletion is the key. What condition exists when you have totally exhausted all ATP and no more is being created? A very good instance we all know about is when you are dead and it is called ‘rigor mortis’. Rigor mortis results because no more ATP is binding to the myosin head of the sarcomere in the muscle fibers.
So what does this have to do with us? No one has ever had rigor mortis on DNP or even severe cramping that has ever been documented. Furthermore, and to be more specific as to the uncoupler DNP, the electron gradient is collapsed and it runs unchecked at maximal as I have explained above, but as the gradient continues to increase electron transport becomes more difficult and the process SLOWS! Additionally, under very large artificially created electrochemical proton gradients, normal electron flow stops and may even result in
REVERSE electron transport flow!
All that was complicated and here is what it means. The respiration chain in the mitochondria which controls energy release has a safety mechanism which allows for feedback controls to keep you from killing yourself. This is also another reason you will not want to do DNP for long periods. If you have taken enough as to create a large gradient the flow of electrons your burning of calories might even STOP! This will happen if you don’t eat enough calories and appears to be more detrimental on a high fat type diet because as you will see below, glucose can ameliorate charge differentials in the mitochondria and at the cell surface while on DNP.
DNP works NO MATTER WHAT! It uncouples the electron transport train (ETC) and there is nothing you can do to stop it. Some have said it doesn't work after a small dose or only after taking DNP for 2 days or so. I think they are the same kind of person who would take a drink of beer and say, 'Oh, I'm not drunk so alcohol doesn't work'! Alcohol still affects your brain cells and hormone levels and slows down the metabolism. Just because you didn't drink enough to be drunk doesn't mean nothing happens!
As mentioned above, DNP is anti-proteolytic. This means DNP does not break down protein via the mechanism through which DNP works. DNP is actually better for you than cardio because exercise is PROTEOLYTIC which in itself is another reason to not be doing a high fat diet. High fat diets and exercise both lower insulin and raise glucagon levels which cause breakdown of protein. It is a proven fact that 10-20% of energy from exercise comes from AA breakdown as well as release of glutamine from the cells. This is why you might want to actually adopt a higher protein diet and/or supplement in some alanine
DNP burns calories and does not affect hormone levels. Someone said something about it causing ketosis which is likely if you don't eat any carbs, but DNP is not by itself going to affect insulin levels like glucose disposal agents metformin or phenformin or the bunk busted chems ALA or rALA
DNP is not going to be advantageous to muscle building. THIS DOES NOT DISAGREE WITH WHAT I WROTE ABOVE! It is anti-proteolytic via its mode of action, BUT if there is not enough energy in the cells to build muscle it ain't gonna happen. Again, diet is key. More than that we can look to a newer chemical called acetyl-L-carnitine which everyone surely knows about and the mechanism of ALC is EXACTLY the same as DNP in that it is also a stimulator of the mitochondria so much so in fact that in early tests of ALC, if the proper antioxidants weren't taken, the free radical release caused by ALC would be detrimental to the cell and the animal as a whole. Since ALC is good for nerve excitation and working out, low dose DNP which is working by nearly the exact same mechanism can ALSO be beneficial to workouts.
DNP is one of the SAFEST drugs you can take!!!!! WhAT? Am I nuts?! I am basing this on DNP's mode of action. DNP has one purpose and mechanism and affects nothing else, but the mitochondria. DNP does not affect hormone levels as do clen, ECA, T3, etc. It has no side affects that you don't expect such as shakes or cramping. Compare DNP to some of the Drugs the FDA has approved and look at their side effects and then tell me what is safer! HAHA!
After you read this study you need to ask yourself, 'need I say more?' In the earlier paragraph on the mechanisms of DNP on the mitochondria I explained the safety mechanism which could keep DNP from being totally depleted of ATP. Some were saying ATP depletion would result in cell death. The study below illustrates another mechanism which I didn’t know about. The crux of it can be summarized by this sentence: 9The following is bold because to this day people still believe the bunk that ATP is depleted) ‘The failure to find a reduction in ATP concentration in either fibre type during prolonged exercise in the face of a progressive increase in the number of fibers showing little or no glycogen concentration suggests that protective mechanisms exist that prevent an energy crisis. The nature of these protective mechanisms remains to be elucidated. ‘ In other words,
When glycogen is gone there is a mechanism which keeps ATP from being depleted which is unknown at present!
Energy metabolism in human slow and fast twitch fibers during prolonged cycle exercise.
Author Ball-Burnett M; Green HJ; Houston ME
Address Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Source J Physiol (Lond), 437():257-67 1991 Jun
Abstract
1. The effects of prolonged exercise on energy metabolism in type I and type II muscle fibers in the vastus lateralis muscle were investigated in six male subjects (20.0 +/- 0.5 years, mean +/- S.E.M.) who performed one-legged cycling at 61% of maximum O2 consumption (VO2,max; determined with one leg) until fatigue or for a maximum of 2 h. 2. Analysis of pools of freeze-dried fibers obtained by needle biopsy and separated into specific types by the myofibrillar ATPase histochemical procedure indicated higher (P less than 0.05) lactate concentrations in type II fibers compared to type I fibers at 15 min (43.9 +/- 9.7 and 51.2 +/- 9.8 mmol (kg dry wt)-1) and at 60 min (18.2 +/- 4.7 and 25.9 +/- 6.5 mmol (kg dry wt)-1). No differences existed in lactate concentration between fibre types for pre-exercise (10.0 +/- 1.6 and 13.3 +/- 2.8 mmol (kg dry wt)-1) or post-exercise. 3. Glycogen degradation was most pronounced in type I fibers. By the end of exercise, glycogen concentration was 82.4 +/- 45 mmol glucosyl units (kg dry wt)-1 in type I fibers and 175 +/- 62 mmol glucosyl units (kg dry wt)-1 in type II fibers. 4. No significant changes in ATP and creatine phosphate (CrP) were found in either fibre type with exercise. 5. It is concluded that, at least for lactate and glycogen, fibre-specific differences are evident in prolonged submaximal exercise. The cause of the difference probably relates both to the unique energy metabolic characteristics of each fibre type and to the manner in which they are utilized during the exercise. 6. The failure to find a reduction in ATP concentration in either fibre type during prolonged exercise in the face of a progressive increase in the number of fibers showing little or no glycogen concentration suggests that protective mechanisms exist that prevent an energy crisis. The nature of these protective mechanisms remains to be elucidated.
DNP will make you breathe harder via a mechanism called cellular hypermetabolism. This also happens when you take ALC and if you take to much of it you will notice that you are breathing HARDER during a workout, but not doing any better. You aren’t going to die if you are breathing hard! DNP works by increasing ventilation and oxygen consumption via hypermetabolism of the cell. DNP makes you breath hard.
Role of tissue hypermetabolism in stimulation of ventilation by dinitrophenol.
Author Levine S
Source J Appl Physiol, 43(1):72-4 1977 Jul
Abstract
Several authors have hypothesized that tissue hypermetabolism accounts for increases in ventilation (VE) elicited by 2,4-dinitrophenol. However, some data in the literature indicate that stimulation of VE by isomers of dinitrophenol is unrelated to tissue metabolic rate. To test this latter concept, we compared three different isomers of dinitrophenol (i.e., 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), 2,5-dinitrophenol (2,5,-DNP), 2,6-dinitrophenol (2,6-DNP) with respect to stimulation of VE and with respect to stimulation of oxygen consumption (VO2). In all experiments, 3-4 mg/kg of one dinitrophenol isomer was administered to chloralose anesthetized dogs by intra-arterial infusion. 2,4-DNP elicited large increments in both VE and VO2, 2,6-DNP elicited moderate increments in both VE and VO2, whereas 2,5-DNP elicited small increments in both VE and VO2. These observations demonstrate a correlation between ventilatory and metabolic changes affected by isomers of dinitrophenol. Accordingly, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that ventilatory stimulation by congeners of dinitrophenol is related to tissue hypermetabolism.
The safety of DNP:
<TABLE cellSpacing=1 cellPadding=3 width="90%" align=center border=0><TBODY><TR><TD>desolation wrote:</TD></TR><TR><TD class=quote>Not sure if anyone has seen these before but I thought I would post them as they provide evidence for possible DNP health benefits.
Novel neuroprotective, neuritogenic and anti-amyloidogenic properties of 2,4-dinitrophenol: the gentle face of Janus.
* De Felice FG,
* Ferreira ST.
Instituto de Bioquimica Medica, Programa de Bioquimica e Biofisica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. [email protected]
In Roman mythology, Janus was the god of gates, doors, beginnings and endings. He was usually depicted with two faces looking in opposite directions. Janus was frequently used to symbolize change and transitions, such as the progression from past to future or from one viewpoint to another. 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and other nitrophenols have long been known to be toxic at high concentrations (the 'bad' face of DNP), an effect that appears essentially related to interference with cellular energy metabolism due to uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Five years ago, however, we published the first report showing that low concentrations of DNP protect neurons against the toxicity of the amyloid-beta peptide (De Felice et al. (2001) FASEB J. 15:1297 - 1299]. Since then, other studies have provided evidence of beneficial actions of DNP (at low concentrations), including neuroprotection against different types of insult, blockade of amyloid aggregation, stimulation of neurite outgrowth and neuronal differentiation, and even extension of lifespan in certain organisms. Some of these effects appear to be due to mild mitochondrial uncoupling and prevention of cellular oxidative stress, whereas other actions are related to activation of additional intracellular signaling pathways. Thus, a novel and 'gentle' face of DNP is emerging from such studies. In this review, we discuss both toxic and beneficial actions of DNP. The evidence available so far suggests that DNP and other compounds with similar biological activities may be of significant interest to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases and other neurological disorders.
The mitochondrial uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol attenuates tissue damage and improves mitochondrial homeostasis following transient focal cerebral ischemia.
Korde AS, Pettigrew LC, Craddock SD, Maragos WF.
Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0284, USA.
Ischemic stroke is caused by acute neuronal degeneration provoked by interruption of cerebral blood flow. Although the mechanisms contributing to ischemic neuronal degeneration are myriad, mitochondrial dysfunction is now recognized as a pivotal event that can lead to either necrotic or apoptotic neuronal death. Lack of suitable 'upstream' targets to prevent loss of mitochondrial homeostasis has, so far, restricted the development of mechanistically based interventions to promote neuronal survival. Here, we show that the uncoupling agent 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP) reduces infarct volume approximately 40% in a model of focal ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat brain. The mechanism of protection involves an early decrease in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species formation and calcium uptake leading to improved mitochondrial function and a reduction in the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. The observed effects of DNP were not associated with enhanced cerebral perfusion. These findings indicate that compounds with uncoupling properties may confer neuroprotection through a mechanism involving stabilization of mitochondrial function.
The mitochondrial uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol improves mitochondrial function, attenuates oxidative damage, and increases white matter sparing in the contused spinal cord.
* Jin Y,
* McEwen ML,
* Nottingham SA,
* Maragos WF,
* Dragicevic NB,
* Sullivan PG,
* Springer JE.
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Cardinal Hill Rehabilitation Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential neuroprotective efficacy of the mitochondrial uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) in rats following a mild to moderate spinal cord contusion injury. Animals received intraperitoneal injections of vehicle (DMSO) or 5 mg/mL of DNP prior to injury. Twenty-four hours following surgery, mitochondrial function was assessed in mitochondria isolated from spinal cord synaptosomes. In addition, synaptosomes were used to measure indicators of reactive oxygen species formation, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation. Relative to vehicle-treated animals, pretreatment with DNP maintained mitochondrial bioenergetics and significantly decreased reactive oxygen species levels, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonyl content following spinal cord injury. Furthermore, pretreatment with DNP significantly increased the amount of remaining white matter at the injury epicenter 6 weeks after injury. These results indicate that treatment with mitochondrial uncoupling agents may provide a novel approach for the treatment of secondary injury following spinal cord contusion.
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DNP actually reduces free radicals.
<TABLE cellSpacing=1 cellPadding=3 width="90%" align=center border=0><TBODY><TR><TD>desolation wrote:</TD></TR><TR><TD class=quote>Free radicals are actually reduced in the mitocohondria by DNP.
Prevention of Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage as a Therapeutic Strategy in Diabetes
Katherine Green, Martin D. Brand, and Michael P. Murphy
As an elevated µH+ (proton electrochemical potential gradient) favors superoxide production, limiting the magnitude of this gradient under state 4 conditions should decrease superoxide production (2
. Artificial uncouplers such as 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) make the inner membrane permeable to protons, thereby lowering the µH+ (proton electrochemical potential gradient), which accelerates respiration and consequently oxidizes the electron carrier pools (28,29). Uncouplers are typically lipophilic weak acids for which both the protonated and unprotonated forms are lipid soluble, thus enabling them to catalyze proton movement through the phospholipid bilayer by lowering the activation energy for proton leak. Even low concentrations of artificial uncouplers have been shown to lower the rate of superoxide production by mitochondria.
http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/53/suppl_1/S110#SEC1
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How to feel good on 600mg of DNP!
This is not an advertisement because I No longer sell encapsulated DNP for research than I care to spend time making. Note: I don't sell it.
The longer I took DNP the more I realized those who had originally recommended DNP use were not looking at the big picture, and they had most likely never used it or mixed it themselves, and/or were just complete morons!
Myth #1.
You die on DNP from heat related to overdose.
Wrong!
You die from dehydration resulting in heat exhaustion and then heat stroke. Fact is that DNP actually LOWERS your body temp.
Myth #2.
You can do it on high fat-low carbohydrate type diets.
NO YOU CAN’T!
High fat-low carbohydrate diets are based on keeping your blood sugar and insulin low. DNP will also drive down your blood sugar, so if you want to have blurry vision due to low blood sugar and feel like hell, you go right ahead. Glucose also has some beneficial cellular effects when used with DNP.. Which is in a study below.
Myth #3. You will go blind.
Right! If you do high fat-low carbohydrate diets and don’t keep your blood sugar up and/or don’t take pyruvate and the right anti-oxidants. The reason people had trouble with cataracts in the 20's and 30's is because they DID not understand the need for anti-oxidants which can prevent this and other problems from free radicals produced not only from DNP, but from plain old every day living.
Myth #4.
You can’t work out on DNP.
Yes you can, if you know what you are doing and which I am about to tell you.
As you may already know you, should be taking the following per day.
1200-1500mg magnesium in 2-3 divided doses.
1000mg vitamin C.
1200IU of vitamin E
200mcg of selenium.
1000-2000mg of calcium (can’t take it with the magnesium, though. Take it before bed)
Melatonin if you can’t sleep and it is also one of the best and cheapest anti-oxidants.
50mg of zinc a day
one iron tab as hemoglobin is a protein as well.
Taurine at 6-12g a day.
A folic acid tab.
I think taurine will be most beneficial for cramping and holding onto water. I have worked with some mountain bikers that were having trouble with cramps and had tried using the proverbial potassium supplementation cure and it didn’t work. I had them take the taurine and magnesium and the cramping went away. Taurine is also give to people who have leg cramps at night at a dosage of 3-6g a day resulting in total alleviation of the cramps. Clenbuterol depletes the liver of its taurine supply which changes the osmotic pressure and therefore stops T4-T3 conversion. Taking supplemental taurine can alleviate this.
Glutamine also regulates water, but is a bitch to take and unless you want your small intestine to absorb most of it you have to take it sublingual. You can fool the body a bit by putting it into your carb/protein drink after you work out or by taking 2g doses throughout the day. Glutamine ALSO causes a rise in insulin.
IF you are on clenbuterol, pyruvate and glycerol will help you a little, and I don't know why, but I still got some cramping on clen after an event even on P and G. The latest research I have indicates that the reason clen may cause cramping is due to TAURINE depletion so by taking the 3g a day taurine you should be able to ameliorate those effects as well and keep your thyroid levels normal as well.
In addition to the vitamins and minerals you should be taking:
3-6g Pyruvate (P)
3 tablespoons Glycerol (G)
If you can't get the G and P go right to the taurine which may be cheaper as well.
Glycerin (glycerol) is avail in the skin care section of your pharmacy and 4oz is about1-2 dollars or there are larger versions in white bottles and the brand name is H something. Just buy it from a vet and a gallon is around $20!
I felt like shit when I went above 400mg and sweat profusely on single large doses of 600mg and 800mg which lasted for 2 days. I weigh around 95kg (210).
The object of the DNP dosing with the glycerol and pyruvate was to test their benefits on what is considered an overdose of DNP while maintaining my exercise level in the middle of summer.
Here is what I was taking:
600mg of DNP which would be 6mg/kg which is well above the recommended 3-5mg.
DNP is said to have a half life of 36 hours and this is what I have based the following dosing scheme. I also have anecdotal evidence that DNP can last 48 hours or more. When I took an 800mg dose after 3 days on 300mg a day I sweat for 48 hours straight and that 800mg was the last dose I took.
You have to divide the 600mg into two doses of 300mg 12 hours apart.
After you hit your 600mg limit you don’t take the next 300mg for 36 HOURS from the first dose!
So, if I took the first dose at 6AM on Sunday morning and the second 300 mg dose at 6PM Sunday night, the 3rd dose would not be until 6PM on Monday evening. The fourth dose would again follow 12 hours from the 3rd which would be at 6AM on Tuesday morning.
I am also taking EC with this just for fun although at only 2 x a day for the EC to keep energy levels up and lessen the carb craving that goes with DNP.
How am I not sweating all over the place and not feeling like shit and/or dehydrating in the middle of summer while going on hour or longer rides in 85 plus heat?. Let me tell you again that I hated the way DNP made me feel.
YOU HAVE TO TAKE GLYCEROL AND PYRUVATE!
I don’t know if you can take one without the other because I was using the glycerol (G) and pyruvate (P) to enhance endurance and stem dehydration which I am very prone to. I think, however, that you will have to do them both as there may be a synergistic benefit. I have taken G alone and while you have more water to hold on to, you just seem to sweat more which is also backed up by the research. The G-P cocktail let me drink ½ my normal volume of water on rides and that is what made me try the DNP-ECA experiment.
Glycerol dose. YOU ONLY NEED 1 TABLESPOON 3 TIMES A DAY! One in the morning, one in the afternoon and one right before bed. Don’t listen to the researchers who tell you to take 1 gram for every kg body weight 1-2 hours before and event. They are idiots and obviously have never taken it or asked the athletes how they feel. Let me tell you, you feel awful taking that much glycerol! You feel bloated and sometimes get a headache and you piss A LOT! 1 tablespoon 3 times a day comes out to ½ what they recommend to take 2 hours before an event. The glycerol keeps your muscles hydrated and limits the sweating. It will fight the dehydrating effects of the ECA. As we know, DNP is carbohydrate/fat specific and glycerol also is a 3 carbon carbohydrate source that can’t go to fat!. Glycerol also increases power output which may be an added benefit of the type of carb source it is. Glycerol is converted to glucose in the liver and in the liver is where it stays for the most part and does not, therefore, raise insulin levels.
Before I explain the pyruvate, let me tell you that glycerol and glycerin are the same thing! A good recipe for taking your glycerol is 1 packet of Kool-aid, 1/8 cup sugar, 1 tablespoon glycerol and 32-oz of water. The glycerol makes the kool-aid taste like OJ because there are alcohols and fermentation products in the OJ which the glycerol mimics.
Pyruvate dose. 2-5grams a day. Start out at 900mg or so 3 times a day and go up from there. I am at 1.5g 2-3 times a day and if you don’t work your way up it will give you gas and the runs. As I mentioned above, I think the P is working synergistically to hold on to the water in your muscles. Additionally, it is another 3 carbon energy source and/or it is manipulating the Krebs Cycle intermediates and allows for a different energy production pathway. Pyruvate changes/manipulates an ATP/energy pathway and decreases lactic acid output and if it ain’t the Krebs cycle I don’t really care. It works.
Some abstracts on the benefits of pyruvate.
Pyruvate and the heart and glucose and insulin.
Cardiac metabolism and electromechanics of human heart.
Author Prasad K
Source Recent Adv Stud Cardiac Struct Metab, 10():119-37 1975
Abstract
The DNP manual!
(updated sections and additions are in bold)
Why you might want to use DNP.
Add some DNP to an animals diet. DNP can get metabolism up at least 50% which is conservative as some say 75% This would mean if the animal eats 3000 calories maintenance they are now at 1500 calories a day with no change in diet! A 2500 calorie a day would leave them with 1250 calories a day. There are 4086 calories in 1lb of fat and at 3000 calories a day your DNP adjusted calories for the day is 1500. Multiply that x 7 days to give you 10500 calorie deficit which is 2.5 lbs of fat loss for the week. At the 2500 calorie you have a 2.14 lb fat loss. These are both below what the BO diets claim and you don't have to stop eating!
If your animals weigh around 200lbs their effective dose is 400mg and the max can be as high as 800mg a day, however, with the discovery of how ALC works and from research on DNP from back in the 20's and 30's along with the availability of anti-oxidants specific for mitochondria, as well as it is more tolerable and easier for the body to cope with the free radical production if a low dose routine in the order 100-200mg a day is used for a longer period of time and in fact, like the usage of ALC which also excites mitochondria and produces free radicals AND IMPROVES performance, this low dose regimen is likely to IMPROVE performance, too.
High fat diets market on the basis that you are going to be able to lose 1.5-2lbs of fat by just changing your diet! WRONG and physiologically Impossible.
1 gram of fat is 9 calories. There are 454 grams in a 1 pound. This gives you 4086 calories for 1lb of fat. If you want to lose that 1lb of fat you have to have a 4086 calorie deficit to do it. In other words, you need -4086 calories in your diet if you want to lose 1 lb of fat. Now, Let's say you are at 3000 cal a day for maintenance. That is 21000 calories a week. You believe the marketing of the post above and think you can lose 1.5lbs of fat. That, my friends, is 6129 calories which you have to subtract from 21000 which leaves you with 14871 calories for the week or 2124 calories a day. You are going from 3000 to 2124 a day. If you want to lose that great sounding 2 pounds you are now at 12828 for the week or 1832 calories a day.
Let's be realistic and put you at 2500 maintenance calories. To lose 1.5lb you now need 11371 calories a week or 1624 calories a day or a nearly 900 calorie a day change. To lose the magical 2lb a week you need 9328 calories for the week or 1333 calories a day or a 1167 calorie change per day! That is rather difficult, but let’s add some DNP which can get you metabolism up at least 50% which would mean you are now at only 1500 calories a day for a 3000 calorie diet with no change in diet! A 2500 calorie a day would leave you with 1250 calories a day.
These are both below what the ketogenic and high fat diets claim and you don't have to stop eating!
Keep in mind that everyone is different.
Don’t take DNP on an empty stomach or it will feel like you have indigestion for most of the day.
I wanted to stress not to just go balls out (5mg/kg) and you should move up gradually on DNP for your first experience.
If you have an allergic reaction with red spots and itching then stop the DNP and get some Benadryl and then you should be able to start again.
The type of diet will also affect how you feel, as well as the type of workouts you are doing. These are variables you also will have to figure out for yourself.
The logic of my dieting regimen follows that while you are on DNP all the glycogen/glucose is being scavenged to provide ATP for the mitochondria so you will want to eat a NORMAL diet. High fat ketogenic diets are not going to help you build muscle even though DNP is anti-proteolytic (protein sparing).. Furthermore, when you eat fat it is more likely to go to fat! That is scientifically proven. So if I'm trying to burn fat, why would I want to eat it right back?
DNP is anti-proteolytic which means it uses carbohydrates or fats exclusively to supply energy for the mitochondria and does not facilitate muscle breakdown, however, this does not therefore mean DNP is positive for muscle building. The cells are running in overdrive and they are not going to be looking to make themselves bigger which requires even more energy, with this primarily being the case with high dose DNP as low dose could be different
Everyone is different and other supplements you take will affect your results, but as a whole, most people are not going to do well or feel well on high fat and high or low dose DNP. I also have found that taking particular supplements helps with how will you feel while on the DNP.
I feel better when I don't do huge carbs, however, when I don't do any as in high fat type diets, my workouts suffer just the same. Each individual has to decide for themselves and put those factors into perspective with what their goals are and how fast they want to accomplish them and how bad they are willing to feel for the desired weight loss.
Additionally, high fat diets or even low carb/high protein diets REDUCE insulin which is a key to maintaining leptin levels during dieting as it's been found that AFTER a diet has gone for about 2 weeks the leptin sets lower primarily due to the body not seeing as much insulin as it is used to. And if that's not bad enough, at the END of the diet even when the food intake returned to normal, LEPTIN DID NOT meaning that when the diet was over the dieters body stored fat FASTER which is why diets don't work for many............therefore, eat a normal diet and get insulin up once a day or more so the body doesn't think it is starving and lowers leptin.
WARNING: DNP will turn everything and anything yellow including skin, clothes, carpet, and hair. I dropped a capsule in my DNP container and bent over to look for it and my hair touched the edge of the container and my hair got dyed yellow! My hair did not even touch the DNP, but just the side of the container for about 2 seconds! DNP for the most part is not removable or bleachable with normal chemicals. It will also track. By that I mean, you think you have washed it off your hands and you touch something and later you see yellow spots on what you touched. If you are making caps you need 2 pairs of gloves, at least, as the DNP goes through the first pair due to an atrraction it has for moisture. DNP sublimes and floats. Due to this sublimation it will land on EVERYTHING if you leave it out even if there is no air circulation. DNP goes through EVERYTHING including plastic, hdpe plastic, pet plastic, plastic bags, nitrile and latex gloves. It can be washed out of clothing with hot water and detergents that have phenolic compounds in them such as Tide. DNP is not solvated by laquer thinner, acetone, paint thinner, or turpentine or any of the common organic solvents. If you wash your hands immediately after touching DNP with gamma-butyrolactone, otherwise know as GBL and used to make GHB, and then a detergent such as Dawn dishwashing soap, the stain will come out for the most part.
Using taurine as a filler GREATLY lowers the tracking and transfer of DNP and totally eliminates it leaching through plastic bags. Another better hand cleaner is oxybrite.
I have to say that a certain guru which some people keep quoting is what WAS PROVEN to be a very unreliable source. I will give him credit for bringing DNP to the forefront, but I will bet you a million bucks that he has never used it or mixed it. Here is a quote that bears this out; 'I don't see what the worry is about everything turning yellow? I have no problems, I just dry it out and cut it with a credit card and cap it.’
That is total BULLSHIT!. Anyone who has used or mixed DNP powder knows that it will get on EVERYTHING and turn it yellow. It goes through plastic bags. Just today I was sending someone 3g for research and I put it into a ziploc and 2 hours later I came back and the envelope under the bag was YELLOW! It goes through 1 laver of rubber gloves. It turns white HDPE bottles yellow. It floats everywhere. I had to put my stuff in a hood because it got on everything I had sitting out and I had to wash all my glassware and scales before I could use them again. DNP floats by sublimation which would be known just be reading the safety sheet or the Merck Index..
On the basis of that statement alone I have some real problems believing anything he says on the subject, but another famouns quote is, ‘DNP will raise your body temp high enough to kill you!’ This also proves that he has never done it because as you will find, your body temp only goes up about one degree. Ok, enough about the fake guru.
Someone just asked me if the shit I sent them was real. Well, if you want a test then rub it on your hands and throw some on your carpet. When your carpet has to be replaced because NOTHING can remove the yellow and you look like a total ass because your hands are bright yellow, then you can ask me if it is real!
Mostly people are taking DNP for 1 week at a time because it exhausts you and you sweat a lot, usually that is what I do, but due to my ‘work’ with DNP I got a dose while on an ECA week and that combination of DNP-ECA was like methamphetamine. If you are having problems with lethargy I would now recommend theophylline or Stim #2 or Analog-S or nicotine gum which is another stim
In fact the DNP with stimulant regimen was better because it had less side affects. I would venture that DNP-PPACA would also have the same methamphetamine type effects. At this time I do not know, however, whether PPA works on the same receptor so I would not do them back to back in cycles. ECAY where Y is yohimbine is also a combination that has meth type benefits. Clen-DNP did not exert any magical meth benefits that I noticed. Have not taken PPACA or PPACA-DNP or PPACAY.
Tyramine and yohimbine are awesome and someone was getting goosebumps and asked a pharmacologist what the goosebumps were about. The pharmacologist told him that it meant he was burning a lot of calories. I love this combination and it is just like meth due to large releases of NA although it only lasts 4 hours or so.
DNP also ‘upgrades’ the effects of clen. If you have used clen before and it had/has stopped working, then DNP will bring back it’s glory. I would surmise now that the mechanism of how this works is more an indicator of how DNP does NOT work in that DNP DOES NOT get to the mitochondria via beta receptors. When the beta receptors are used with such chems as CLEN, ephedrine, t3, etc, the cell senses homeostasis is changing and in order to slow things down, the cell then produces MORE ALPHA receptors which simply outcompete the betas by sheer numbers and when they grab a chemical such as clen, they render it useless. (Yohimbine or alpha yohimbine being alpha antagonists can subvert this mechanism far better than the bunk busted chems like ketotifen.)
This phenomenon of how DNP upgrades clen further lends credence to the fact that when DNP is used, the changing homeostasis of the cell does NOT invoke alpha receptor upgrade.
I like to keep the clen and DNP a week apart due to the affects they have on T3 although they work on different mechanism it is just a precaution to keep from shutting down the T3. You could add Yohimbine or alpha-yohimbine to it for an added benefit which will not cause downgrade of anything. Reports on DNP-Y indicate a higher rise in body temperature on this combination.
And if we think for a moment of how DNP stops the conversion of T4 to T3 either via heat affecting the enzyme or directly on the enzyme itself which really matters not because the point is that systemic T3 is REDUCED when DNP is used. This is not all bad because when the body doesn't see T3 it then ups TSH and T4 and when DNP is stopped you have a high level of T4 available to be converted to T3.
Due to the systemic affects of DNP, it affects EVERY cell in the body that has mitochondria, including smooth (digestive) and muscle and fat as well, you will not see a significant rise in body temp like you see with clen or ECA. Clen and ECA work primarily on muscle cells and that causes a rise in body temp just as if you were working out. I don’t know why this is such a difficult concept for some to understand, but I was sweating like hell recently, and I took my temp and it was 95.8. ON DNP!
DNP MECHANISMS
The basics first. DNP is a classified as a chemical poison. It’s mode of action is to disrupt the ETC (electron transport chain) and cause uninhibited exchange of protons. This exchange of protons is what is responsible for making ADP into ATP. NOTHING can stop the disruption of this process once it starts. DNP works no matter what! High or low T3 has nothing to do with whether or not DNP affects the mitochondria and burns off extra energy. DNP gets into the cell and into the mitochondria and causes proton release. No other hormones are needed or noted.
Even so, it works in much the same way as clen or ECA or PPACA or thyroid. They ALL cause the metabolism to speed up. These all work via the mitochondria as well, although the non-DNP diet drugs work on the receptors first and DNP goes directly to the mitochondria, the results are the same which is speeding up the metabolism to burn fat.
Some other important facts you should know are how ephedrine and beta-3 activation drugs work.
These both cause uncoupling of the ETC chain just like DNP! Ephedrine works part of its magic via beta-3's and much research has been done looking for a magic beta-3 drug. Why, we have it and it is called DNP! If you are sitting around and something is making you hotter, you are most likely experiencing an uncoupling of the ETC chain. No big deal, but DNP just causes a greater effect.
I knew there was a reason that you CANNOT die from DNP usage, at least the doses many are doing. I talked to a couple people about this but just couldn't find the info to prove it. Ok, so what does DNP do? It uncouples the ETC or oxidative phosphorylation as was elaborate upon above, allowing electron flow to go unchecked at maximal rate and resulting in heat production and ATP depletion.
ATP depletion is the key. What condition exists when you have totally exhausted all ATP and no more is being created? A very good instance we all know about is when you are dead and it is called ‘rigor mortis’. Rigor mortis results because no more ATP is binding to the myosin head of the sarcomere in the muscle fibers.
So what does this have to do with us? No one has ever had rigor mortis on DNP or even severe cramping that has ever been documented. Furthermore, and to be more specific as to the uncoupler DNP, the electron gradient is collapsed and it runs unchecked at maximal as I have explained above, but as the gradient continues to increase electron transport becomes more difficult and the process SLOWS! Additionally, under very large artificially created electrochemical proton gradients, normal electron flow stops and may even result in
REVERSE electron transport flow!
All that was complicated and here is what it means. The respiration chain in the mitochondria which controls energy release has a safety mechanism which allows for feedback controls to keep you from killing yourself. This is also another reason you will not want to do DNP for long periods. If you have taken enough as to create a large gradient the flow of electrons your burning of calories might even STOP! This will happen if you don’t eat enough calories and appears to be more detrimental on a high fat type diet because as you will see below, glucose can ameliorate charge differentials in the mitochondria and at the cell surface while on DNP.
DNP works NO MATTER WHAT! It uncouples the electron transport train (ETC) and there is nothing you can do to stop it. Some have said it doesn't work after a small dose or only after taking DNP for 2 days or so. I think they are the same kind of person who would take a drink of beer and say, 'Oh, I'm not drunk so alcohol doesn't work'! Alcohol still affects your brain cells and hormone levels and slows down the metabolism. Just because you didn't drink enough to be drunk doesn't mean nothing happens!
As mentioned above, DNP is anti-proteolytic. This means DNP does not break down protein via the mechanism through which DNP works. DNP is actually better for you than cardio because exercise is PROTEOLYTIC which in itself is another reason to not be doing a high fat diet. High fat diets and exercise both lower insulin and raise glucagon levels which cause breakdown of protein. It is a proven fact that 10-20% of energy from exercise comes from AA breakdown as well as release of glutamine from the cells. This is why you might want to actually adopt a higher protein diet and/or supplement in some alanine
DNP burns calories and does not affect hormone levels. Someone said something about it causing ketosis which is likely if you don't eat any carbs, but DNP is not by itself going to affect insulin levels like glucose disposal agents metformin or phenformin or the bunk busted chems ALA or rALA
DNP is not going to be advantageous to muscle building. THIS DOES NOT DISAGREE WITH WHAT I WROTE ABOVE! It is anti-proteolytic via its mode of action, BUT if there is not enough energy in the cells to build muscle it ain't gonna happen. Again, diet is key. More than that we can look to a newer chemical called acetyl-L-carnitine which everyone surely knows about and the mechanism of ALC is EXACTLY the same as DNP in that it is also a stimulator of the mitochondria so much so in fact that in early tests of ALC, if the proper antioxidants weren't taken, the free radical release caused by ALC would be detrimental to the cell and the animal as a whole. Since ALC is good for nerve excitation and working out, low dose DNP which is working by nearly the exact same mechanism can ALSO be beneficial to workouts.
DNP is one of the SAFEST drugs you can take!!!!! WhAT? Am I nuts?! I am basing this on DNP's mode of action. DNP has one purpose and mechanism and affects nothing else, but the mitochondria. DNP does not affect hormone levels as do clen, ECA, T3, etc. It has no side affects that you don't expect such as shakes or cramping. Compare DNP to some of the Drugs the FDA has approved and look at their side effects and then tell me what is safer! HAHA!
After you read this study you need to ask yourself, 'need I say more?' In the earlier paragraph on the mechanisms of DNP on the mitochondria I explained the safety mechanism which could keep DNP from being totally depleted of ATP. Some were saying ATP depletion would result in cell death. The study below illustrates another mechanism which I didn’t know about. The crux of it can be summarized by this sentence: 9The following is bold because to this day people still believe the bunk that ATP is depleted) ‘The failure to find a reduction in ATP concentration in either fibre type during prolonged exercise in the face of a progressive increase in the number of fibers showing little or no glycogen concentration suggests that protective mechanisms exist that prevent an energy crisis. The nature of these protective mechanisms remains to be elucidated. ‘ In other words,
When glycogen is gone there is a mechanism which keeps ATP from being depleted which is unknown at present!
Energy metabolism in human slow and fast twitch fibers during prolonged cycle exercise.
Author Ball-Burnett M; Green HJ; Houston ME
Address Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Source J Physiol (Lond), 437():257-67 1991 Jun
Abstract
1. The effects of prolonged exercise on energy metabolism in type I and type II muscle fibers in the vastus lateralis muscle were investigated in six male subjects (20.0 +/- 0.5 years, mean +/- S.E.M.) who performed one-legged cycling at 61% of maximum O2 consumption (VO2,max; determined with one leg) until fatigue or for a maximum of 2 h. 2. Analysis of pools of freeze-dried fibers obtained by needle biopsy and separated into specific types by the myofibrillar ATPase histochemical procedure indicated higher (P less than 0.05) lactate concentrations in type II fibers compared to type I fibers at 15 min (43.9 +/- 9.7 and 51.2 +/- 9.8 mmol (kg dry wt)-1) and at 60 min (18.2 +/- 4.7 and 25.9 +/- 6.5 mmol (kg dry wt)-1). No differences existed in lactate concentration between fibre types for pre-exercise (10.0 +/- 1.6 and 13.3 +/- 2.8 mmol (kg dry wt)-1) or post-exercise. 3. Glycogen degradation was most pronounced in type I fibers. By the end of exercise, glycogen concentration was 82.4 +/- 45 mmol glucosyl units (kg dry wt)-1 in type I fibers and 175 +/- 62 mmol glucosyl units (kg dry wt)-1 in type II fibers. 4. No significant changes in ATP and creatine phosphate (CrP) were found in either fibre type with exercise. 5. It is concluded that, at least for lactate and glycogen, fibre-specific differences are evident in prolonged submaximal exercise. The cause of the difference probably relates both to the unique energy metabolic characteristics of each fibre type and to the manner in which they are utilized during the exercise. 6. The failure to find a reduction in ATP concentration in either fibre type during prolonged exercise in the face of a progressive increase in the number of fibers showing little or no glycogen concentration suggests that protective mechanisms exist that prevent an energy crisis. The nature of these protective mechanisms remains to be elucidated.
DNP will make you breathe harder via a mechanism called cellular hypermetabolism. This also happens when you take ALC and if you take to much of it you will notice that you are breathing HARDER during a workout, but not doing any better. You aren’t going to die if you are breathing hard! DNP works by increasing ventilation and oxygen consumption via hypermetabolism of the cell. DNP makes you breath hard.
Role of tissue hypermetabolism in stimulation of ventilation by dinitrophenol.
Author Levine S
Source J Appl Physiol, 43(1):72-4 1977 Jul
Abstract
Several authors have hypothesized that tissue hypermetabolism accounts for increases in ventilation (VE) elicited by 2,4-dinitrophenol. However, some data in the literature indicate that stimulation of VE by isomers of dinitrophenol is unrelated to tissue metabolic rate. To test this latter concept, we compared three different isomers of dinitrophenol (i.e., 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), 2,5-dinitrophenol (2,5,-DNP), 2,6-dinitrophenol (2,6-DNP) with respect to stimulation of VE and with respect to stimulation of oxygen consumption (VO2). In all experiments, 3-4 mg/kg of one dinitrophenol isomer was administered to chloralose anesthetized dogs by intra-arterial infusion. 2,4-DNP elicited large increments in both VE and VO2, 2,6-DNP elicited moderate increments in both VE and VO2, whereas 2,5-DNP elicited small increments in both VE and VO2. These observations demonstrate a correlation between ventilatory and metabolic changes affected by isomers of dinitrophenol. Accordingly, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that ventilatory stimulation by congeners of dinitrophenol is related to tissue hypermetabolism.
The safety of DNP:
<TABLE cellSpacing=1 cellPadding=3 width="90%" align=center border=0><TBODY><TR><TD>desolation wrote:</TD></TR><TR><TD class=quote>Not sure if anyone has seen these before but I thought I would post them as they provide evidence for possible DNP health benefits.
Novel neuroprotective, neuritogenic and anti-amyloidogenic properties of 2,4-dinitrophenol: the gentle face of Janus.
* De Felice FG,
* Ferreira ST.
Instituto de Bioquimica Medica, Programa de Bioquimica e Biofisica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. [email protected]
In Roman mythology, Janus was the god of gates, doors, beginnings and endings. He was usually depicted with two faces looking in opposite directions. Janus was frequently used to symbolize change and transitions, such as the progression from past to future or from one viewpoint to another. 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and other nitrophenols have long been known to be toxic at high concentrations (the 'bad' face of DNP), an effect that appears essentially related to interference with cellular energy metabolism due to uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Five years ago, however, we published the first report showing that low concentrations of DNP protect neurons against the toxicity of the amyloid-beta peptide (De Felice et al. (2001) FASEB J. 15:1297 - 1299]. Since then, other studies have provided evidence of beneficial actions of DNP (at low concentrations), including neuroprotection against different types of insult, blockade of amyloid aggregation, stimulation of neurite outgrowth and neuronal differentiation, and even extension of lifespan in certain organisms. Some of these effects appear to be due to mild mitochondrial uncoupling and prevention of cellular oxidative stress, whereas other actions are related to activation of additional intracellular signaling pathways. Thus, a novel and 'gentle' face of DNP is emerging from such studies. In this review, we discuss both toxic and beneficial actions of DNP. The evidence available so far suggests that DNP and other compounds with similar biological activities may be of significant interest to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative diseases and other neurological disorders.
The mitochondrial uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol attenuates tissue damage and improves mitochondrial homeostasis following transient focal cerebral ischemia.
Korde AS, Pettigrew LC, Craddock SD, Maragos WF.
Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0284, USA.
Ischemic stroke is caused by acute neuronal degeneration provoked by interruption of cerebral blood flow. Although the mechanisms contributing to ischemic neuronal degeneration are myriad, mitochondrial dysfunction is now recognized as a pivotal event that can lead to either necrotic or apoptotic neuronal death. Lack of suitable 'upstream' targets to prevent loss of mitochondrial homeostasis has, so far, restricted the development of mechanistically based interventions to promote neuronal survival. Here, we show that the uncoupling agent 2,4 dinitrophenol (DNP) reduces infarct volume approximately 40% in a model of focal ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat brain. The mechanism of protection involves an early decrease in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species formation and calcium uptake leading to improved mitochondrial function and a reduction in the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. The observed effects of DNP were not associated with enhanced cerebral perfusion. These findings indicate that compounds with uncoupling properties may confer neuroprotection through a mechanism involving stabilization of mitochondrial function.
The mitochondrial uncoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol improves mitochondrial function, attenuates oxidative damage, and increases white matter sparing in the contused spinal cord.
* Jin Y,
* McEwen ML,
* Nottingham SA,
* Maragos WF,
* Dragicevic NB,
* Sullivan PG,
* Springer JE.
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Cardinal Hill Rehabilitation Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential neuroprotective efficacy of the mitochondrial uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) in rats following a mild to moderate spinal cord contusion injury. Animals received intraperitoneal injections of vehicle (DMSO) or 5 mg/mL of DNP prior to injury. Twenty-four hours following surgery, mitochondrial function was assessed in mitochondria isolated from spinal cord synaptosomes. In addition, synaptosomes were used to measure indicators of reactive oxygen species formation, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation. Relative to vehicle-treated animals, pretreatment with DNP maintained mitochondrial bioenergetics and significantly decreased reactive oxygen species levels, lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonyl content following spinal cord injury. Furthermore, pretreatment with DNP significantly increased the amount of remaining white matter at the injury epicenter 6 weeks after injury. These results indicate that treatment with mitochondrial uncoupling agents may provide a novel approach for the treatment of secondary injury following spinal cord contusion.
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DNP actually reduces free radicals.
<TABLE cellSpacing=1 cellPadding=3 width="90%" align=center border=0><TBODY><TR><TD>desolation wrote:</TD></TR><TR><TD class=quote>Free radicals are actually reduced in the mitocohondria by DNP.
Prevention of Mitochondrial Oxidative Damage as a Therapeutic Strategy in Diabetes
Katherine Green, Martin D. Brand, and Michael P. Murphy
As an elevated µH+ (proton electrochemical potential gradient) favors superoxide production, limiting the magnitude of this gradient under state 4 conditions should decrease superoxide production (2
http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/53/suppl_1/S110#SEC1
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How to feel good on 600mg of DNP!
This is not an advertisement because I No longer sell encapsulated DNP for research than I care to spend time making. Note: I don't sell it.
The longer I took DNP the more I realized those who had originally recommended DNP use were not looking at the big picture, and they had most likely never used it or mixed it themselves, and/or were just complete morons!
Myth #1.
You die on DNP from heat related to overdose.
Wrong!
You die from dehydration resulting in heat exhaustion and then heat stroke. Fact is that DNP actually LOWERS your body temp.
Myth #2.
You can do it on high fat-low carbohydrate type diets.
NO YOU CAN’T!
High fat-low carbohydrate diets are based on keeping your blood sugar and insulin low. DNP will also drive down your blood sugar, so if you want to have blurry vision due to low blood sugar and feel like hell, you go right ahead. Glucose also has some beneficial cellular effects when used with DNP.. Which is in a study below.
Myth #3. You will go blind.
Right! If you do high fat-low carbohydrate diets and don’t keep your blood sugar up and/or don’t take pyruvate and the right anti-oxidants. The reason people had trouble with cataracts in the 20's and 30's is because they DID not understand the need for anti-oxidants which can prevent this and other problems from free radicals produced not only from DNP, but from plain old every day living.
Myth #4.
You can’t work out on DNP.
Yes you can, if you know what you are doing and which I am about to tell you.
As you may already know you, should be taking the following per day.
1200-1500mg magnesium in 2-3 divided doses.
1000mg vitamin C.
1200IU of vitamin E
200mcg of selenium.
1000-2000mg of calcium (can’t take it with the magnesium, though. Take it before bed)
Melatonin if you can’t sleep and it is also one of the best and cheapest anti-oxidants.
50mg of zinc a day
one iron tab as hemoglobin is a protein as well.
Taurine at 6-12g a day.
A folic acid tab.
I think taurine will be most beneficial for cramping and holding onto water. I have worked with some mountain bikers that were having trouble with cramps and had tried using the proverbial potassium supplementation cure and it didn’t work. I had them take the taurine and magnesium and the cramping went away. Taurine is also give to people who have leg cramps at night at a dosage of 3-6g a day resulting in total alleviation of the cramps. Clenbuterol depletes the liver of its taurine supply which changes the osmotic pressure and therefore stops T4-T3 conversion. Taking supplemental taurine can alleviate this.
Glutamine also regulates water, but is a bitch to take and unless you want your small intestine to absorb most of it you have to take it sublingual. You can fool the body a bit by putting it into your carb/protein drink after you work out or by taking 2g doses throughout the day. Glutamine ALSO causes a rise in insulin.
IF you are on clenbuterol, pyruvate and glycerol will help you a little, and I don't know why, but I still got some cramping on clen after an event even on P and G. The latest research I have indicates that the reason clen may cause cramping is due to TAURINE depletion so by taking the 3g a day taurine you should be able to ameliorate those effects as well and keep your thyroid levels normal as well.
In addition to the vitamins and minerals you should be taking:
3-6g Pyruvate (P)
3 tablespoons Glycerol (G)
If you can't get the G and P go right to the taurine which may be cheaper as well.
Glycerin (glycerol) is avail in the skin care section of your pharmacy and 4oz is about1-2 dollars or there are larger versions in white bottles and the brand name is H something. Just buy it from a vet and a gallon is around $20!
I felt like shit when I went above 400mg and sweat profusely on single large doses of 600mg and 800mg which lasted for 2 days. I weigh around 95kg (210).
The object of the DNP dosing with the glycerol and pyruvate was to test their benefits on what is considered an overdose of DNP while maintaining my exercise level in the middle of summer.
Here is what I was taking:
600mg of DNP which would be 6mg/kg which is well above the recommended 3-5mg.
DNP is said to have a half life of 36 hours and this is what I have based the following dosing scheme. I also have anecdotal evidence that DNP can last 48 hours or more. When I took an 800mg dose after 3 days on 300mg a day I sweat for 48 hours straight and that 800mg was the last dose I took.
You have to divide the 600mg into two doses of 300mg 12 hours apart.
After you hit your 600mg limit you don’t take the next 300mg for 36 HOURS from the first dose!
So, if I took the first dose at 6AM on Sunday morning and the second 300 mg dose at 6PM Sunday night, the 3rd dose would not be until 6PM on Monday evening. The fourth dose would again follow 12 hours from the 3rd which would be at 6AM on Tuesday morning.
I am also taking EC with this just for fun although at only 2 x a day for the EC to keep energy levels up and lessen the carb craving that goes with DNP.
How am I not sweating all over the place and not feeling like shit and/or dehydrating in the middle of summer while going on hour or longer rides in 85 plus heat?. Let me tell you again that I hated the way DNP made me feel.
YOU HAVE TO TAKE GLYCEROL AND PYRUVATE!
I don’t know if you can take one without the other because I was using the glycerol (G) and pyruvate (P) to enhance endurance and stem dehydration which I am very prone to. I think, however, that you will have to do them both as there may be a synergistic benefit. I have taken G alone and while you have more water to hold on to, you just seem to sweat more which is also backed up by the research. The G-P cocktail let me drink ½ my normal volume of water on rides and that is what made me try the DNP-ECA experiment.
Glycerol dose. YOU ONLY NEED 1 TABLESPOON 3 TIMES A DAY! One in the morning, one in the afternoon and one right before bed. Don’t listen to the researchers who tell you to take 1 gram for every kg body weight 1-2 hours before and event. They are idiots and obviously have never taken it or asked the athletes how they feel. Let me tell you, you feel awful taking that much glycerol! You feel bloated and sometimes get a headache and you piss A LOT! 1 tablespoon 3 times a day comes out to ½ what they recommend to take 2 hours before an event. The glycerol keeps your muscles hydrated and limits the sweating. It will fight the dehydrating effects of the ECA. As we know, DNP is carbohydrate/fat specific and glycerol also is a 3 carbon carbohydrate source that can’t go to fat!. Glycerol also increases power output which may be an added benefit of the type of carb source it is. Glycerol is converted to glucose in the liver and in the liver is where it stays for the most part and does not, therefore, raise insulin levels.
Before I explain the pyruvate, let me tell you that glycerol and glycerin are the same thing! A good recipe for taking your glycerol is 1 packet of Kool-aid, 1/8 cup sugar, 1 tablespoon glycerol and 32-oz of water. The glycerol makes the kool-aid taste like OJ because there are alcohols and fermentation products in the OJ which the glycerol mimics.
Pyruvate dose. 2-5grams a day. Start out at 900mg or so 3 times a day and go up from there. I am at 1.5g 2-3 times a day and if you don’t work your way up it will give you gas and the runs. As I mentioned above, I think the P is working synergistically to hold on to the water in your muscles. Additionally, it is another 3 carbon energy source and/or it is manipulating the Krebs Cycle intermediates and allows for a different energy production pathway. Pyruvate changes/manipulates an ATP/energy pathway and decreases lactic acid output and if it ain’t the Krebs cycle I don’t really care. It works.
Some abstracts on the benefits of pyruvate.
Pyruvate and the heart and glucose and insulin.
Cardiac metabolism and electromechanics of human heart.
Author Prasad K
Source Recent Adv Stud Cardiac Struct Metab, 10():119-37 1975
Abstract
